Aristolochai
Aristolochia L. – ARISTOLOCHIACEAE |
About 450 species, 23 species in Thailand including 5 exotic species.
ดูชาฤๅษี มาสักพัก น้องแนะนำ ให้รู้จัก พืชวงษ์นี้เพิ่มซึ่งจะพบในhabitat เดียวกับ ชาฤๅษี ดอกอาจจะไม่สวยเท่าแต่ก็ดูแปลกตามหัศจรรย์ไปอีกแบบ
สกุลไก่ฟ้า หรือ สกุลนกกระทุง (Aristolochia) เป็นสกุลของพืชขนาดใหญ่มีสมาชิกมากกว่า 500 สปีชีส์ อยู่ในวงศ์ Aristolochiaceae
ไม้เถาล้มลุกหรือไม้เถาเนื้อแข็ง ไม่มีหูใบ ใบเรียงเวียน ช่อดอกแบบช่อกระจะหรือแยกแขนง ใบประดับมีหรือไม่มี ก้านดอกเชื่อมติดรังไข่ กลีบรวมเชื่อมติดกัน โคนเป็นกระเปาะ คอดเรียวเป็นหลอด มักงอขึ้น ปลายกลีบบานออก เกสรเพศผู้ 6 อัน แนบติดก้านเกสรเพศเมียเป็นเส้าเกสร รังไข่ใต้วงกลีบ มี 6 ช่อง ยอดเกสรเพศเมียมี 3 หรือ 6 พู ผลแตกตามรอยประสานจากโคนสู่ปลาย โคนก้านและปลายติดกันคล้ายกระเช้า เมล็ดจำนวนมาก แบน มีปีกหรือไม่มี มักมีตุ่ม
พบในเขตร้อน ในไทยมี 23 ชนิด รวมที่เป็นไม้ประดับต่างประเทศ 5 ชนิด ขอบคุณข้อมูล จาก กรมอุทยานแห่งชาติสัตว์ป่าและพันธุ์พืช
Species list
1. Aristolochia acuminata Lam.
กระเช้าผีมด
Synonym Aristolochia tagala Cham.
Climbing herb, sparsely pubescent. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 9.5–16.5 cm long, basal nerves 1 pairs. Inflorescences lax racemose or panicle, 3–13 cm long; bract ca 3 mm. Perianth creamy, limb reddish brown; utricle 5–6.5 mm; tube 0.5–1.2 cm long; limb lanceolate, 1.2–2.5 mm long. Fruit elliptic, 3–5.5 cm long.
Tropical Asia and Australia, in deciduous dipterocarp, mixed deciduous and evergreen forests, to ca 1,000 m.
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| Aristolochia acuminata - P. Karaket | |
2. Aristolochia arenicola Hance
กอมก้อยลอดขอน
Prostrate herb, stem zigzag, sparsely pubescent. Leaves ovate, 2–3.5 cm long, apex rounded, sessile or subsessile, basal nerves 2–3 pairs. Inflorescences 1-flowered, pedicel 1–1.5 cm long. Perianth reddish brown; utricle 4–8 mm, tube 4–8 mm long; limb 1.5–2 mm long. Fruit elliptic, ca 1.5 cm long.
Cambodia, NE & E Thailand, recorded from Nakhon Phanom, Surin and Ubon Ratchathani, open area, sandy soil, 100–200 m.
3. Aristolochia baenzigeri B.Hansen & Phuph.
กระทุงบวบเหลี่ยม
Woody climber, stem corky. Leaves from node, cordate, 14–32.5 cm long, villose below, basal nerves 2 pair, secoundary nerves 3–4. Inflorescences from stem base, 2–3-flowered, peduncle short. Perianth reddish pink veins outside, reddish inside with yellow base, pubescent; utricle 5.5–6 cm, tube ca 2 cm long; limb aound the throat, shallowly 3-lobed. Fruit unknown.
Endemic to N Thailand, known only from Pai, Mae Hong Son, dry evergreen forest, 800–1000 m.
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| Aristolochia baenzigeri - Hans Bänziger | |
4. Aristolochia cambodiana Pierre ex Lecomte
กระเช้าปากเป็ด
ชื่อพ้อง Aristolochia kerrii Craib
Climbing herb. Leaves ovate to oblong, 5–10 cm long, pubescent below, basal nerves 1 pair. Inflorescences short, flowers many; bracts oblong, 0.5–1.2 cm. Perianth reddish purple, creamy inside; utricle 3–4.5 mm, tube 3–7.5 mm long, mouth pubecent; limb sagittate. Fruit ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm long.
Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand, in mixed deciduous forest and on limestone, to ca 1,300 m.
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| Aristolochia cambodiana - R. Pooma | |
5. Aristolochia chlamydophylla C.Y.Wu ex S.M.Hwang
ไก่แจ้
ชื่อพ้อง Aristolochia longeracemosa B.Hansen & Phuph.
Climbing herb. Leaves ovate, 6–16 cm long, densely pubescent below, basal nerves 3–4 pairs. Inflorescences 1–2, elongate, 3.5–6 cm long, 6–10-flowered; pedicel 3–5 mm; bracts ovate, 6–7 mm long. Perianth yellowish green, limb dark purple; utricle ca 6 mm in diam.; tube ca 6 mm long; limb 1.5–2 cm long. Young fruits ca 5 cm long.
S China, Vietnam and N Thailand, recorded from Doi Phukha, Nan, ca 1100 m.
6. Aristolochia curtisii King ex Gamble
กระเช้าภูเก็ต
Climbing herb. Leaves deeply 3-lobed, lobes 9–11.5 cm long, middle lobe with 3 basal nerves, lateral lobes with 2 basal nerves. Inflorescences 1–2, 5–7 cm long; bract cordate, 0.5–1.7 cm. Perianth dark blue; utricle ca 1.5 cm long, tube 4–6 mm long; limb subsagittate, 2–2.5 cm. Fruit oblong, 3–3.5 cm long.
Peninsular Malaysia and peninsular Thailand, only recorded from Phuket, evergreen forest, 250–450 m.
7. Aristolochia dinghoui F.González & Poncy
นกกระจิบ
Woody herb, stem zigzag, more or less hanging, pubescent. Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 6–12 cm long; secondary nerves 7–8 on each side. Inflorescences dense, short. Perianth reddish brown; utricle 4–5 cm long, tube ca 8 mm long; limb broadly ovate, ca 1.2 cm long. Fruit ovoid, 1.2–2 cm long, velutinous.
Endemic to Peninsular Thailand, only recorded from Prachuap Khiri Khan, on limestone, to ca 300 m. Previousely know as A. harmandiana Pierre ex Lecomte which only known from Indochina.
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| Aristolochia dinghoui - R. Pooma | |
8. Aristolochia grandis Craib
นกขมิ้น
Woody climber. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, 11–25 cm long; secondary nerves 6–7 on each side. Inflorescences few-flowered; bracts ovate, ca 2 mm; pedicel 3.5–7.5 cm, tomentose. Perianth white, yellow inside with brown veins; utricle 2–3 cm long; tube 1.6–1.8 cm long, bent upwards, broad toward apex, 1-1.2 in diam., tomentose inside. Immature fruitnarrow, ca 13 cm long.
Endemic to N Thailand, only recorded from Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, dry evergreen forest.
9. Aristolochia hansenii Phuph.
กระเช้าเชียงราย
Climbing herb, stem zigzag. Leaves lanceolate, 5.5–8.5 cm long, densely minute gland dotted on both surfaces, basal nerves 2 pairs; petiole 1.5–4 cm. Inflorescences 1.5–5 cm long, 3–5-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 5–8 mm long; pedicels 4–6 mm. Perianth dark violet; utricle ovate, 5–7 mm long, tube 4–5 mm long; limb lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm long. Fruit globose, 8–10 mm in diam
Endemic to N Thailand, known only from Chiang Rai, ca 1000 m.
10. Aristolochia helix Phuph.
กระเช้าหนู
Prostate herb, stem zigzag. Leaves borad ovate, 0.8–1.5 cm long, tomentose below, scabrous above, basal nerves 1–2 pairs. Inflorescences 1-flowered, pedicel 4–5 mm long. Perianth creamy, limb reddish purple; utricle 2–2.5 mm long, tube 5–9 mm long, hairy inside; limb oblong, 7–8 mm long. Fruit globose, ca 7 mm in diam.
Endemic to Peninsular Thailand, known only from Phangnga, on limestone at low altitude.
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| Aristolochia helix - T. Phutthai |
11. Aristolochia kongkandae Phuph.
กระเช้าคลองพนม
Climbing herb. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 5–7.5 cm long, basal nerves 2–3 pairs. Inflorescences to 10-flowered, 1.5–5 cm long; pedicels 5–7 mm. Perianth creamy red, limb reddish purple; utricle ca 5 mm long; tube ca 1 cm long; limb lanceolate, ca 1.5 mm long. Fruitglobose, 5–4 mm in diam.
Endemic to Peninsular Thailand, known only from Surat Thani, on limestone, 100–200 m.
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| Aristolochia kongkandae - P. Karaket | |
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| คลองพนม ตค25 |
12. Aristolochia perangustifolia Phuph.
กระเช้าใบแคบ
Climbing herb. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, 5.5–8.5 cm long, puberulous below, basal nerves 1–2 pairs. Inflorescences 5.5–8 cm long; pedicel 0.6–1.2 cm; bracts lanceolate, 6–8 mm long. Perianth creamy, dark purple inside tube; utricle ca 4 mm in diam.; tube 6–8 mm long; limb tapering to a long tail, 2–2.5 cm long.
Endemic to Thailand, recorded from Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphume and Ratchaburi, 200–450 m.
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| Aristolochia perangustifolia - N. Tesana | |
13. Aristolochia phuphathanaphongiana Do
กระเช้านางพันธุรัต
Climbing herb. Leaves ovate, 3–7 cm long, basal nerves 1 pairs. Inflorescences 4–5 cm long, 2–8-flowered; pedicel 5–6 mm; bracts ovate, 0.8–1.5 cm long. Perianth dark purple-brown; utricle 3–4 mm in diam.; tube 6–8 mm long; limb 1.2–1.5 cm long, densely tomentose inside. Fruits subglobose, 1.3–1.4 cm in diam.
Endemic to Thailand, only known from Khao Nang Phanthurat, Phetchaburi, on limestone, 10–50 m.
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| Aristolochia phuphathanaphongiana - R. Pooma | |
14. Aristolochia pierrei Lecomte
กระเช้าผีมด
Climbing herb. Leaves ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 8.5–14 cm long, puberulous below, basal nerves 1 pair. Inflorescences paniculate, 3.5–7 cm long; bracts lanceolate, ca 1 cm long. Perianth dark purple-brow; utricle 3.5–4.5 mm, tube 5–8.5 mm long; limb 1–1.5 cm long. Fruitbroad ovoid, 2–2.5 cm long.
Myanmar, Lao, N, NE & SW Thailand, forest edges, 150–900 m.
15. Aristolochia poomae Phuph.
กระเช้านกกระสา
Climbing herb. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5.5–9 cm long, pubescent and densely minute gland-dotted on lower surface; basal nerves 2–3 pairs. Inflorescences 2–5 cm long, 1–4-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5–8 mm long. Perianth purplish-cream, base of lip and throat inside dark purple; utricle oblong, 5–6 mm long; tube 4–8 mm long, limb 12–16 mm, pubescent. Young fruit ca. 1.7 mm.
Endemic to N Thailand, only recorded from Chiang Mai, edges of dry evergreen forest, ca 700 m.
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| Aristolochia poomae - R. Pooma | |
16. Aristolochia pothieri Pierre ex Lecomte
กระเช้าถุงทอง
Climbing herb. Leaves broad ovate or shallowly 3-lobed, 11–12 cm long, basal nerves 1 pair. Inflorescences contracted, many flowers; bracts ovate, ca 1 cm long. Perianth brownish green; utricle 4–8 mm, tube 0.8–1.6 cm long; limb 1.3–1.8 cm long. Fruit broad ovoid, 4–4.5 cm long.
Indochina and Thailand except in the peninsular, in deciduous, mixed deciduous and dry evergreen forest or on limestone, 100–400 m.
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| Aristolochia pierrei - S. Sirimongkol, R. Pooma | |
17. Aristolochia versicolor S.M.Hwang
กระทุงขน
Climbing herb. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, 11–17.5 cm long, pubescent on lower surface; secoundary nerves 8–10 on each side. Inflorescences short, 1–3-flowered; bracts small. Perianth purplish-brown; utricle indistinct; tube 3–4 cm long, limb around the throat, 4–5 cm in diam. Fruit 5–8 cm long.
S China and NE Thailand, only recorded from Loei, ca 1000 m.
18. Aristolochia yalaensis Phuph.
กระเช้ายะลา
Climbing herb. Leaves ovate, 7–12 cm long, puberulous below; basal nerves 2–3 pairs. Inflorescences to 4.5 cm long, 3–5-flowered; bracts oblong, 3.5–5 mm long. Perianth yellow-green, throat inside purple-red; utricle ca 3 mm long; tube ca 4 mm long, limb to ca 1 cm long, emarginated at apex, pubescent. Young fruit oblong.
Endemic to Peninsular Thailand, only known from Yala, on limestone, ca 200 m.
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| Aristolochia yalaensis - R. Pooma | |
Exotic species
1. Aristolochia ringens Vahl
ไก่ฟ้า
Commn names: Gaping Dutchman’s pipe, Pelicans flower
Native to S America
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| Aristolochia ringens - R. Pooma | |
2. Aristolochia gigantea Mart.
ไก่ฟ้าใหญ่
Commn names: Giant pelican flower, Brazilian Dutchman’s pipe
Native to Brazil
| Aristolochia gigantea - R. Pooma |
3. Aristolochia labiata Willd.
นกกระทุง
Commn names: Rooster flower, Mottled Dutchman’s pipe
Native to Brazil
4. Aristolochia littoralis Parodi.
เหนียงนกกระทุง
Commn name: Calico flower
Native to S America
| Aristolochia littoralis - R. Pooma | |
5. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.
นกกระทุงใหญ่
Commn name: Broadleafed birthwort
Native to eastern United State
References
Do, T., Neinhuis, C. & Wanke, S. (2014). New synonym of Aristolochia cambodiana Pierre ex Lecomte. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 42: 96–99.
Do, T., Neinhuis, C., Wanke, S. & Pooma, R. (2015). Aristolochia phuphathanaphongiana: a new species from southwestern Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 33: 567–571. doi 10.1111/njb.00889
Do, T.V. & Gao, Xin-Fen. (2017). Aristolochia longeracemosa, a new synonym of A. chlamydophylla (Aristolochiaceae). Phytotaxa 317(1). 1: 76.
Hansen, B. & Phuphathanaphong, L. (1999) Two new species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 19: 575–579.
Phuphathanaphong, L. (1987). Aristolochiaceae. In Flora of Thailand Vol. 5(1): 1–31.
Phuphathanaphong, L. (2006). New taxa of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 34: 179–194.
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