Middletonia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It includes five species native to Asia, ranging from the eastern Himalayas through Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia and southern China.
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Gesnerioideae), with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.
Most species are herbaceousperennials or subshrubs but a few are woody shrubs or small trees. The phyllotaxy is usually opposite and decussate, but leaves have a spiral or alternate arrangement in some groups. As with other members of the Lamialesthe flowers have a (usually) zygomorphic corolla whose petals are fused into a tube and there is no one character that separates a gesneriad from any other member of Lamiales.[4]Gesneriads differ from related families of the Lamiales in having an unusual inflorescence structure, the "pair-flowered cyme", but some gesneriads lack this characteristic, and some other Lamiales (Calceolariaceae and some Scrophulariaceae) share it. The ovary can be superior, half-inferior or fully inferior, and the fruit a dry or fleshy capsule or a berry. The seeds are always small and numerous. Gesneriaceae have traditionally been separated from Scrophulariaceae by having a unilocular rather than bilocular ovary, with parietal rather than axile placentation.
From about 1997 onwards, molecular phylogenetic studies led to extensive changes in the classification of the family Gesneriaceae and its genera, many of which have been re-circumscribed or synonymized. New species are still being discovered, particularly in Asia, and may further change generic boundaries. A consensus phylogeny used to build classifications of the family in 2013 and 2020 is shown below (to the level of tribes). The family Calceolariaceae is shown as the sister to Gesneriaceae.
Paraboea are a genus of flowering plants in the African violet family Gesneriaceae, native to southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan), Assam, Indochina, and Malesia. They were recircumscribed from Boea in 2016.
Twenty species of Paraboea from Thailand
ABSTRACT. Twenty new species of Paraboea are described from Thailand: Paraboea arachnoidea Triboun, Paraboea axillaris Triboun, Paraboea bhumiboliana Triboun & Chuchan, Paraboea doitungensis Triboun & D.J.Middleton, Paraboea eburnea Triboun, Paraboea insularis Triboun, Paraboea lavandulodora Triboun, Paraboea monticola Triboun & D.J.Middleton, Paraboea nana Triboun & Dongkumfu, Paraboea nobilis Triboun & D.J.Middleton, Paraboea peninsularis Triboun & D.J.Middleton, Paraboea phanomensis Triboun & D.J.Middleton, Paraboea quercifolia Triboun, Paraboea rosea Triboun, Paraboea sangwaniae Triboun, Paraboea siamensis Triboun, Paraboea takensis Triboun, Paraboea tenuicalyx Triboun, Paraboea vachareea Triboun & Sonsupab and Paraboea xylocaulis Triboun. Full descriptions and conservation assessments are provided for all taxa.
individuals.Notes. Paraboea arachnoidea is most similar to another new species Paraboea rosea Triboun in its large overall size, the leaves in a rosette, the dense covering of arachnoid hairs on most parts and the dense owers, but it differs in the denser covering of arachnoid hairs on the leaves, elliptic leaves, longer peduncles (18–26 cm long in P. arachnoidea, 10–15 cm in P. rosea), violet corollas and shorter capsules (0.8–1 cm in P. arachnoidea, 1–1.9 cm in P. rosea).
This species is unique in Paraboea by possessing a true arachnoid indumentum covering the whole plant. The large and membranous dried leaves and the small non- twisted capsule are also characteristic.
Paraboea bintangensis B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 51 (1971); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 424 (1984). – Type: Malay Peninsula, Perlis, Bukit Bintang [06°359N 100°129E], on limestone rocks in evergreen forest, cult. from B.L. Burtt & P.J.B. Woods 1737 [26 iv 1962 (fr)] in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh as Cult. in E C4088 (holo E). Fig. 6.
The species is easily recognised by its two leaf-like primary bracts. The species may be related to Paraboea bakeri but the latter species possesses no leaf-like bracts and the upper leaf surface has a dense pubescence.
🔵Paraboea rabilii Z. R. Xu & B. L. Burtt
ข้าวตอก
Paraboea rabilii Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 11 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Kaochom Lem, Ampoe Kaokao [07°359N 99°429E], on rock, 1 viii 1929 (fl, fr), Rabil 301 (holo E; iso ABD, BKF, BM, K).
Edinburgh 41: 431 (1984), pro parte (quoad Rabil 301).
This species is similar to Paraboea suffruticosa but can be easily recognised by the large ratio of capsule vs. calyx (3–7 times) in a sharp contrast to P. suffruticosa (only 1.5–2 times).
🔵Paraboea amplexicaulis (Parish ex C. B. Clarke) C. Puglisi
ข้าวตอกไหม้
The native range of this species is Myanmar. It grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
This species of Gesneriaceae shrub, 30-80 cm tall, branching and spreading low. The branches are light brown, long and rather brittle, each branch can be up to 60 cm long. Simple leaves, arranged oppositely, alternately, perpendicularly, ovate or lanceolate to oblong parallel, 2-3.7 cm wide, 3.2-8 cm long, pointed tip, tapered or rounded base, smooth edges or sparsely wavy, the top has scattered white spider web-like hairs, the bottom has white spider web-like hairs, 10-12 leaf veins on each side, clearly visible on both sides, leaf stalks can be up to 1 cm long, old leaves at the base of the stem curl and fall off.
Thailand, Saraburi, Muak Lek, Gravity Wall Climbing Site Hiking area in Tha Tum 15/08/25
🔵Paraboea argentea Z. R. Xu
ชาฤๅษี
Paraboeae harrovianae proxima, sed caule florescentei extenti ad 20 cm, cymis numerosis in pseudo-paniculam, indumentis argenteis differt. – Type: Thailand, Khon Kaen, Pha Nok Khao [16°309N 103°009E], 400–500 m, 10 ix 1963 (fl, fr), T. Smitinand & H. Sleumer 1141 (holo BKF; iso C, E, L, P).
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Prachuap Khiri Khan: Klawng Warn [Khlong Wan] [12°029N 99°349E], 16 x 1960 (fl), K. Chandraprasong 63 (BKF); Pran Buri District, Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park, trail from Tham Sai to Tham Phra Yanakhon, 12°119N 100°019E, 110 m, 18 viii 2002, D.J. Middleton et al. 1180 (A, BKF, E).
This new species can be distinguished from Paraboea harroviana by the extended flowering stem, c.20 cm long, usually with about 4 cymes, with flowering individuals appearing as if they have a terminal panicle. In addition the very thick layer of silvery matted indumentum is distinctive. In Paraboea harroviana var. harroviana the flowering stem is much shorter and there are often only 2 cymes from opposite axils near the base.
Paraboea incudicarpa B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 430 (1984). – Type: Thailand, Tak Province, Pha Wo [16°529N 99°109E], 650 m, herb on limestone rocks, common, 13 vii 1972 (fr), Smitinand & Seidenfaden 11629 (holo E; iso BK). Fig. 22.
Additional specimen examined. THAILAND. Kanchanaburi: Between Huay Ban Kao and Kritee, c.15°009N 98°509E, 500 m, 4 vii 1973, R. Geesink & C. Phengkhlai 6105 (L).
🔵Paraboea harroviana (Craib) Z. R. Xu var. harroviana
ชาฤๅษีเล็ก เนียมฤๅษี ฝอยหิน หนาดหิน
Paraboea harroviana (Craib) Z.R.Xu, comb. nov. – Boea harroviana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 172 (1926). – Type: Thailand, Chiangmai, Me Ping Rapids, Keng Soi [18°129N 98°349E], 300 m, (fr), A.F.G. Kerr 4629 (lecto K, designated by Burtt (1984: 427); iso ABD).
A. Paraboea harroviana var. harroviana
THAILAND. Chanthaburi: [5 Chantaboon] [12°409N 102°109E], 1936 (fl, fr), A. Vesterdal 7 (C). Kanchanaburi: Kwae Noi River Basin, near Neeckey, near Wangka [14°159N 99°109E], 150 m, 17 v 1946 (fl), G. Den Hoed 580 (A, L); between Huay Ban Kao and Kritee [15°009N 98°509E], 500 m, 4 vii 1973 (fl), R. Geesink & Phengkhlai 6084 (AAU, BKF, C, E, L, P); Kanburi, Sayok Falls, about 120 km NW of Kanburi [14°159N 99°109E], 100–150 m, 3 viii 1946 (fl), A.J.G.H. Kostermans 1451 (A, L, P, US); Sangklaburi District, Toong Yai Naresuan Wildlife Reserve, Lai Wo, Ban Saneh Pawng area, 300 m, 11 x 1993, Maxwell 93-1223 (L). Loei: Phu Krading [16°589N 101°579E], 21 viii 1949 (fl), D. Bunpheng 371 (BKF); Phu Krading, Sam Khae, 1100 m, 16 vii 1953 (fr), D. Bunpheng 663 (ABD, BKF); Phu Krading, near stream, 15 x 1967 (fl), Prayad 1033 (BKF); Phu Krading, 1 ix 1969 (fl), S.P. et al. 17 (BKF, L); Amphoe [5 District] Phu Krading, 15 x 1967 (fl), P. Sangkhachand 1033 (L); Phu Luang [17°299N 101°359E], 17 ix 1966 (fr), S. Phusomsaeng & Bunchuai 44 (BKF); Phu Luang Wildlife Reserve, Nam Tok to Pa Paw trail, 29 ix 1990, P. Chantaranothai et al. 90/442 (K); interior of Nam Thop, on eastern slope of Phu Luang, 400–850 m, 7 xii 1965 (fr), M. Tagawa et al. T-1915 (BKF). Petchaburi: [13°069N 99°579E], 20 m, 7 xi 1926 (fl), A.F.G. Kerr 11067 (A, ABD, L); Khao Hong, 10 iii 1965 (fr), Sakol 486 (BKF). Prachuap Khiri Khan: Kong Wan [12°029N 99°559E], 20 x 1964 (fl), C. Chermsirivathana 110 (BKF); Ban Pu, Kuiburi [12°159N 99°559E], 25 xi 1964 (fl), Adisai 972 (BKF); Khao Nam Tok, west of Huai Yang [11°509N 99°309E], 100 m, 10 viii 1966 (fl), K. Larsen et al. 1376 (AAU); Huai Yang, 4 x 1930 (fl), Put 3199 (ABD, K); Huay Yang National Park, Bua Sawan waterfall area, 11°409N 99°369E, 320 m, 26 viii 2002, D.J. Middleton et al. 1356 (A, BKF). Ratchaburi: Khao Ngoo River area, Tawng Pa Poom District [14°459N 99°009E], 450 m, 4 vii 1973 (fl), J.F. Maxwell 73-103 (AAU, BK, BKF); Huay Lum Khao Ngoo, Si Swat District, 15 vii 1973 (fl), S. Sutheesorn 2493 (BK). Sakon Nakhon: Kum Horm [17°209N 104°109E], 12 xii 1962 (fr), Adisai 229 (BKF). Saraburi: Hin Lap [14°309N 101°009E], 20 viii 1926 (fl, fr), Put 2426 (ABD, K).
B. Paraboea harroviana var. ovata Z.R.Xu, var. nov.
Paraboeae harrovianae var. harrovianae proxima, sed foliis ovatis at extremum rotundis differt. – Type: Thailand, Phetchaburi Province, Maha Sohm Nah Rahm Temple area [17°009N 99°359E], overgrown temple compound, rocky outcrops in a hardwood forest, corolla deep blue, 22 viii 1971 (fl), J.F. Maxwell 71-503 (holo BK; iso AAU).
Boea treubii auct. non Forbes: Pellegrin in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 544 (1930).
This new variety differs from the type variety in the rounded leaf apex (rather than acuminate or acute) and the ovate leaf blades (vs. more or less obovate). In general, Paraboea harroviana var. harroviana has much narrower leaf blades, c.2.5–5 times as long as wide, with an oblique base, and Paraboea harroviana var. ovata has wider leaf blades, c.1.5–2.5 times as long as wide, without an oblique base.
🔵Paraboea multiflora (R. Br.) B. L. Burtt var. caulescens Z. R. Xu & B. L. Burtt
Paraboea uniflora Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 15 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Songkhla, Sadao District [06°559N 100°249E], Kao Roop Chang, Padang Besar, on open, rugged summit of a limestone peak, 11 vii 1986 (fr, fl fragment), J.F. Maxwell 86-451 (holo PSU; iso A, L).
This species is unique in the genus with its single-flowered inflorescence. This may be an extreme reduction of a normal cyme. The habit seems close to Paraboea lanata but the veins on the leaves are more prominent.
New addition for Paraboea
🔴Paraboea khaoyaica
ชาฤๅษีเขาใหญ่
อช. เขาใหญ่ ช่วง สค-พย
🔴Paraboea burttiiZ.R.Xu
พรหมมาสตร์
คีรีวง เขาหลวง
พรหมมาสตร์ Paraboea burttii Z. R. Xu วงศ์ Gesneriaceae พรรณไม้ถิ่นเดียวของไทย (endemic) มีเขตการกระจายพันธุ์ในป่าดิบชื้นทางภาคใต้
This species is similar to Paraboea capitata Ridl., in their capitate inflorescences and horizontally held capsules, but P. capitata has no large bracts. With the distinct obovate calyx lobes this species is also similar to Paraboea speciosa but the latter has a different leaf texture and shape. The material for Paraboea speciosa is insufficient for a complete description.
The large obovate calyx lobes of this species are similar to those of Paraboea glabra (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt. Most of the specimens now cited under Paraboea burttii were previously misidentified as P. glabra but they differ in the twisting of the fruit in P. glabra
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Province unknown: cultivated in Aberdeen, UK, 1930? (fl), A.F.G. Kerr 205 (K, L). Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Khao Luang, 08°259N 98°409E, 150 m, 25 x 1991 (fr), K. Larsen et al. 42569 (AAU); Lansagah, Gahrome Falls, Khao Luang National Park [08°309N 99°459E], 150 m, 14 ix 1985 (fl), J.F. Maxwell 85-877 (A, L, PSU); ibid., 13 xii 1985 (fr), J.F. Maxwell 85-1101 (A, L, PSU); ibid., 23 viii 1980 (fl), P. Sirirugsa 328 (PSU); Kao Chem, Tung Song, (local name: Dardhoi) [08°209N 99°409E], 20 vii 1929 (fl), Rabil 106 (K); ibid., 20 vii 1929 (ster), Rabil 103 (K); Kiriwong, Kiriwong District, Khao Luang National Park [08°309N 99°459E], 400 m, 26 vii 1951 (fr), T. Smitinand 710 (BKF); Khao Rawn Nai Hawn, 27 xi 1951 (fl), P. Suvarnakoses 193 (BKF); Hill above Ronpibun [08°229N 99°489E], 100 m, 16 vii 1940 (fl), F.K. Ward 27460 (K). Phatthalung: Tamote District, Tamote Falls National Park [07°259N 100°049E], 175 m, 10 ix 1986 (fl), J.F. Maxwell 86-651 (PSU); Plai Wan Waterfall, 25 km SW of Phattalung, 07°259N 99°559E, 150–250 m, 19 xi 1990 (fr), K. Larsen et al. 41587 (AAU). Trang: Wam Tai, 20 km N of Trang, 11 x 1970 (fr), C. Charoenphol et al. 3640 (E); Bangkok, 3 ix 1930 (fl), A.F.G. Kerr 19745 (K)
Puglisi, C., Middleton, D. J., Triboun, P. & Möller, M. 2011. New insights into the relationships between Paraboea, Trisepalum and Phylloboea (Gesneriaceae) and their taxonomic consequences. Taxon 60(6): 1693–1702.
Distribution: Pen Thailand: Songkhla (Ton Ngachang). Status: + VU
Paraboea elegans (Ridl.) B. L. Burtt
บริพัตรใหญ่
Paraboea elegans (Ridl.) B. L. Burtt is a species of flowering plant in the Gesneriaceae family. It is native to Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. The plant is typically found in evergreen forests, often growing on granite bedrock in deep shade. It is characterized by its erect stem, which can reach up to 20cm in height, and its climbing habit on rocks. The species was first published in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 428 (1984).
The native range of this species is Peninsula Malaysia. It grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
🔴Paraboea patens (Ridl.) B. L. Burtt
บริรักษ์
The native range of this species is Peninsula Thailand. It grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
🔴Paraboea acutifolia (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 423 (1984). – Boea acutifolia Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 519 (1896). – Type: Peninsular Malaysia, Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Gua Chinta [06°209N 99°489E], iii 1892 (fr), Curtis 2791 (lecto K, designated here; iso SING). Fig. 3.
THAILAND. Songkhla: Kao Roop Chang, Padang Besar, District Sadao [06°559N 100°249E], 100 m, 24 viii 1986 (fl), J.F. Maxwell 86-599 (A); Boriphat waterfall, Rattaphum District [07°049N 100°089E], 20 viii 1973 (fl), T. Smitinand 11935 (A, BKF). Phatthalung: Khao Phu Khao Yah, 07°409N 99°509E, 100 m, 26 x 1993, Larsen et al. 44044 (AAU). Trang: Kaowang (Kao Ulang), Sikao District [07°459N 99°269E], 3 viii 1929 (fl), Rabil 331 (ABD, E).
This species is characterised by a matted indumentum on the ovary that is retained on the capsule, unique in the whole genus. The excretion of calcium onto the upper leaf surface in many, but not all, specimens is also noteworthy. Paraboea acutifolia is similar to P. variopila in inflorescence structure but the latter has glandular hairs rather than a matted indumentum on the ovary and the capsule.
🔴Paraboea amplifolia Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 1 (1991). –Type: Thailand, Nakawn Sritamarat [Nakhon Sri Thammarat], Kao Chem (Chim), Tunglung (Tungsong) [08°209N 99°409E], on rocks, 20 vii 1929 (fl, fr), Rabil 123 (holo K; iso ABD, BKF, BM, E). Fig. 4.
This species is unique in Paraboea by possessing a true arachnoid indumentum covering the whole plant. The large and membranous dried leaves and the small non- twisted capsule are also characteristic.
🔴Paraboea argentea Z.R.Xu, sp. nov.
Paraboeae harrovianae proxima, sed caule florescentei extenti ad 20 cm, cymis numerosis in pseudo-paniculam, indumentis argenteis differt. – Type: Thailand, Khon Kaen, Pha Nok Khao [16°309N 103°009E], 400–500 m, 10 ix 1963 (fl, fr), T. Smitinand & H. Sleumer 1141 (holo BKF; iso C, E, L, P).
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Prachuap Khiri Khan: Klawng Warn [Khlong Wan] [12°029N 99°349E], 16 x 1960 (fl), K. Chandraprasong 63 (BKF); Pran Buri District, Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park, trail from Tham Sai to Tham Phra Yanakhon, 12°119N 100°019E, 110 m, 18 viii 2002, D.J. Middleton et al. 1180 (A, BKF, E).
This new species can be distinguished from Paraboea harroviana by the extended flowering stem, c.20 cm long, usually with about 4 cymes, with flowering individuals appearing as if they have a terminal panicle. In addition the very thick layer of silvery matted indumentum is distinctive. In Paraboea harroviana var. harroviana the flowering stem is much shorter and there are often only 2 cymes from opposite axils near the base.
Type: Thailand, SW region, Kanchanaburi, Erawan National Park, 14°179N 99°159E, 400 m, evergreen forest along cascades, on limestone, 18 xi 1971, Beusekom, Geesink, Phengkhlai & Wongwan 3827a (holo L; iso BKF, C, K, P). There is a typographical error in the protologue where 3827a is given as 3837A.
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Hard Palom, 250 m, 25 xii 1961 (fr), K. Larsen 8958 (C). Kanchanaburi: Srisawad District, Kao Monglai [14°509N 99°009E], 9 viii 1967 (fl), Kasem 541 (BKF); Sai Yok [14°159N 99°109E], 200 m, 2 viii 1928 (fl), A. Marcan 2388 (BM); ibid., 2 viii 1928 (lv), Put 1836 (ABD, BKF, BM, K); Erawan National Park, 14°259N 99°049E, 300 m, 1 ix 1995, J. Parnell et al. 95-659 (BKF, K, TCD); Erawan Waterfall, 150 m, 10 x 1971 (fl), G. Murata et al. 16164 (L); Khao Salob, 19 viii 1968 (fl), B. Nimanong & S. Phusomsaeng 303 (BKF, L); Si Sawat [14°459N 99°009E], 24 viii 1968 (fl), Prayad 1538 (BKF); Ban Erawan, Si Sawat District [14°459N 99°009E], 250–330 m, 2 xi 1979 (fl), T. Shimizu et al. T-2146 (BKF); Erawan National Park, Si Sawat District, 100–300 m, 3 xi 1979 (fr), T. Shimizu et al. T-21555 (BKF, L). Mae Hong Son: Kun Yuam District [18°159N 98°009E], 600–700 m, 9 v 1974 (fr), K. Larsen & Larsen 34145 (AAU). Sukhothai: Near Pra Tah Due Nahm Doke So Gah Cha Nah Temple, Muang Gow District [17°009N 99°359E], 4 xi 1971 (fl, fr), J.F. Maxwell 71-666 (BKF). Surat Thani: Khao Yai, Samui Island [09°359N 99°579E], 25 vi 1966 (fr), Sakol 1116 (BKF).
This species is extremely similar to Paraboea glabriflora when one compares leaf morphology and inflorescence structure. In addition they are recorded from the same region. There are some differences between the type of Paraboea glabriflora and the collections cited above: whitish indumentum vs. dark brown on the leaves; sub- ordinate branches absent or present in the cyme. Paraboea glabriflora is known only from the type so fieldwork should be carried out at the type locality to help determine whether these differences are consistent enough to maintain the species or not.
🔴Paraboea chiangdaoensis Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 3 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Chiangmai, Doi Chiangdao [Ban Chiangdao, 19°309N 99°009E], 23 x 1926 (fr), Put 430 (holo K; iso ABD, BM). Fig. 11.
THAILAND. Satun: Adang Island, Tarutao National Park [06°349N 99°069E], granite rocks, 300 m, 24 vi 1980 (fl, fr), Congdon 711 (AAU, E, PSU); Adang Island, near waterfall [Tarutao National Park], 22 x 1979 (fr), Congdon 87 (E).
Collections from Tarutao and Langkawi, previously Paraboea obovata but now reduced to synonymy (Burtt, 1971), differ from the typical sessile-leaved P. elegans by a distinct petiole up to 6 cm long. This species may be related to Paraboea minor and both are recorded from quartzite outcrops only. However, Paraboea elegans differs from P. minor in its whorled as opposed to opposite leaves.
THAILAND. Kanchanaburi: Khao Pattawee [c.13°599N 99°209E], in crevices of limestone, 90 m, 18 xi 1961 (fr), K. Larsen 8311 (ABD).
This species is unique in the genus in its combination of a long pubescence with a distinct ferrugineous colour and its seemingly palmate venation. The indumentum occurs throughout the whole plant and the hairs can be as long as the calyx. This species may be related to Paraboea bakeri. Both species have a similar habit and leaf morphology, and have the same long calyx and short capsule. The locality of the single specimen from Thailand is quite distant from the other collections and its status should be reinvestigated with better collections.
🔴Paraboea glabra (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 311 (1958) [but excluding the cited collections except for the type]; Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 429 (1984). – Boea glabra Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 521 (1896). – Type: Thailand, Poongah, cult. Penang, C. Curtis 3039 (lecto K, designated by Burtt (1984: 429)).
Paraboea rupestris B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 436 (1984). – Type: Thailand, Peninsular region, Surat, Khao Pak Chong, 55 km W of Surat on Tekuapa road, 100 m, herb on limestone rocks, flowers white, leaves brown below, 25 ix 1963, Smitinand et al. 1277 (holo E; iso BKF, K, L).
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Phangnga: ‘Poongah’, ii 1893 (fl), C. Curtis 3039 (K). Surat Thani: 15 viii 1975 (fl), D. Praphat 24 (BKF, E).
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Chiangmai: Doi Chiangdao [19°259N 99°009E], (fl), K. Boonchuai 948 (BKF); Doi Chiangdao, 680 m, 14 viii 1949 (fr), H.B.G. Garrett 1260 (K, L); Doi Chiangdao, north side of Doi Luang, above Sop Huay Pah Dahng-Huay Nah Lao Station, 1000 m, 8 x 1995, J.F. Maxwell 95-857 (L); Doi Chiangdao, east side, Pa Blawng Cave area, 575 m, 5 viii 1989, Maxwell 89-992 (A). Mae Hong Son: Doi Pui, SE of Mae Hong Son, 19°139N 98°029E, 800 m, 23 ix 1995 (fr), Larsen et al. 46840 (AAU, SING).
🔴Paraboea glanduliflora Barnett, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20: 14 (1961); Barnett, Kew Bull. 15: 252 (1961); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 429 (1984). – Type: Thailand, Payap [Chiang Mai], Doi Chiangdao [19°259N 99°009E], 2000 m, 16 vii 1958 (fl), Smitinand 4728 (lecto E, designated by Barnett, Kew Bull. 15: 252 (1961); iso BKF). Fig. 18.
THAILAND. Chiangmai: Doi Chiangdao, Doi Pee [19°259N 99°009E], 17 xi 1963 (fr), Adisai 670 (BKF); Doi Chiangdao, 15 xi 1962 (fl), K. Bunchuai BKF47649 (BKF); Doi Chiangdao, K. Bunchuai 968 (BKF); Doi Chiangdao, 2000 m, xi 1962 (fr), Cult. in E C5138 (E); Doi Chiangdao, 1300–1900 m, 26 ix 1971 (fr), G. Murata et al. T-15072 (L); Doi Chiangdao, 1300–1900 m, 27 ix 1971 (fl), G. Murata et al. T-15185 (L); Doi Chiangdao, 30 vi 1965 (fl), T. Smitinand et al. 7824 (E); Doi Chiangdao, 1620 m, 24 vii 1990, H. Banziger 704 (L).
This species may have some affinity to Paraboea pubicorolla. Both have some glandular pubescence on the corolla and the same pattern of subterminal cymose inflorescences. However, the scabrous leaf surface of this species is very different to the smooth leaf surface of Paraboea pubicorolla. Paraboea glanduliflora also shares some common characters with P. glabrisepala in corolla shape, stamen morphology, the gynoecium and bract morphology. Barnett (1961) supposed her species to have non-twisted capsules so she placed it in Paraboea (with non-twisted
capsules) rather than in Boea (with twisted capsules). It is now known that this species has twisted capsules and now only belongs in Paraboea due to the recircumscription by Burtt (1984). In our study we have found that all species with a subterminal cymose inflorescence possess twisted capsules rather than non-twisted capsules.
🔴Paraboea incudicarpa B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 430 (1984). – Type: Thailand, Tak Province, Pha Wo [16°529N 99°109E], 650 m, herb on limestone rocks, common, 13 vii 1972 (fr), Smitinand & Seidenfaden 11629 (holo E; iso BK). Fig.22
THAILAND. s.l., 10 xi 1965 (fl), P. Sangkhachand 25 (BKF). Chiangmai: Me Wang (type locality of Boea reticulata Barnett), 400 m, 19 vii 1922 (lv), A.F.G. Kerr 6356 (ABD, K); 12 km W of Hot, Hot District [18°129N 98°349E], 23 ix 1958 (fl), K. Larsen et al. 5210 (ABD, C); Maeklang Falls, 50 km NW of Chiang Mai, Jawn Tong District, Doi Inthanon National Park [18°309N 98°409E], 430 m, 3 xi 1967 (fr), B.L. Burtt 5612 (E); Nam Tok Mae Klang, Jawar Tong District, Doi Inthanon National Park, 25 xi 1965 (fl), S. Phusomsaeng 5 (BKF, L); Payap, West of Muang Hot [W of Hot, Hot District], in rocky forest [18°129N 98°349E], 23 ix 1958 (fl), T. Sorensen et al. 5201 (BKF); Hot District, Awp Luang Nature Park, Doi Awp Luang, Mae Jam River, c.15 km W of Hot, 550 m, 23 x 1987, Maxwell 87-1281 (L). Lampang: Lampang [18°229N 99°349E], 420 m, 23 viii 1922 (fr), Winit 740 (BKF, K). Nakhon Nayok: s.l., 29 vii 1959 (fl), T. Sorensen et al. 7803 (C); Nang Rawng Waterfall, 100 m, 29 vii 1959 (fr, fl), T. Smitinand & Floto 6106 (ABD, BKF, E, K).
B. Paraboea multiflora var. caulescens
Thailand, Kanchanaburi, near Neekey, near Wangka [14°159N 99°109E], steep slopes of limestone, 150 m, rather rare, 13 vi 1946 (fr, fl), G. Den Hoed Exp. No. 946 (holo L).
🔴Paraboea paramartinii Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 10 (1991). – Type: China, Yunnan, Pu’er, cliff, 4500 ft (c.1350 m), 1901? (fr), A. Henry 13394 (holo E; iso K, MO, US). Fig. 37.
THAILAND. Chiangrai: Doi Tam Tu Pu, Saddle between peaks c.4 km west of Chiangrai town [5 Muang Chiang Rai] [19°569N 99°519E], 520 m, 5 x 1924 (fr), H.B.G. Garrett 204 (K).
This species is similar to Paraboea martinii (H.Le ́v.) B.L.Burtt in having the same kind of inflorescence, but can be distinguished by the larger and thinner leaves and the glabrous inflorescence.
🔴Paraboea patens (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 435 (1984). – Boea patens Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 520 (1896). – Type: Thailand, Punga [Phangnga] [08°329N 98°289E], collected in ii 1893, flowered in viii 1893 (in cultivation), Curtis s.n. (holo SING). Fig. 39.
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Phangnga: Kasoom [08°249N 98°279E], on limestone rock, C. Curtis 3218 (collected in 1896) (K, SING); Panga [Phangnga] [08°329N 98°289E], 12 xii 1918 (fr), M. Haniff & Nur 4026 (SING).
This species is characterised by its subterminal cyme which develops subordinate branches below and between the two primary branches on top of the peduncle. Paraboea divaricata shares the same inflorescence structure (subterminal cyme with subordinate branches) but has leaves in who
🔴Paraboea pubicorolla Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 10 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Sisaket Province, Dongrak Range (14°309N 104°009E) at Ching Bat Lak, Kantaralak District, 500 m, on moist sandstone rocks by shaded stream zone, 17 viii 1976 (fl, fr), J.F. Maxwell 76-530 (holo L; iso AAU, BK).
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Sisaket: Khao Phra Viharn [15°079N 104°209E], c.400 m, sandstone, 24 viii 1972 (fl, fr), T. Smitinand 11676 (BKF). Trat: Laem Nawp District, Chang Island (5 Ko Chang) [12°009N 102°159E], 100 m, 2 viii 1973 (fl), J.F. Maxwell 73-310 (BKF).
This species has a similar inflorescence to Paraboea prolixa, P. cochinchinensis and P. harroviana. It can be distinguished from its possible relatives by its glabrous inflorescence and the pubescent corolla.
🔴Paraboea rabilii Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 11 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Kaochom Lem, Ampoe Kaokao [07°359N 99°429E], on rock, 1 viii 1929 (fl, fr), Rabil 301 (holo E; iso ABD, BKF, BM, K).
Edinburgh 41: 431 (1984), pro parte (quoad Rabil 301).
This species is similar to Paraboea suffruticosa but can be easily recognised by the large ratio of capsule vs. calyx (3–7 times) in a sharp contrast to P. suffruticosa (only 1.5–2 times).
🔴Paraboea regularis (Ridl.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 67 (1905); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 435 (1984). – Didymocarpus regularis Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 515 (1896). – Type: Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi [06°209N 99°489E], 1893, C. Curtis (s.n.) cult. Hort. Bot. Sing. (lecto SING, designated by Burtt (1984: 435); iso E).
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. ‘Lower Siam’, Palau Panji [possibly Ko Panji in Phangnga], 2 xii 1918 (fr), M. Haniff & Nur 4013 (K, SING).
🔴Paraboea rufescens (Franch.) B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38: 471 (1980); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 436 (1984), pro parte; Wang et al., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 465 (1990), pro parte. – Boea rufescens Franch., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1 (no. 57): 449 (1885). – Dorcoceras rufescens (Franch.) Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. 58: 259 (1923).
B. Paraboea rufescens var. tomentosa (Barnett) Z.R.Xu, stat. nov. – Paraboea tomentosa Barnett, Dansk Bot. Ark. 20: 202 (1962). – Type: Thailand, Northern region, Chiengmai [Chiang Mai], Doi Chieng Dao, Larsen 4078 (holo C; iso ABD).
THAILAND. Chiangmai: Fang [19°209N 98°509E], 2 vii 1978 (fl, fr), C. Phengklai et al. 4222 (BKF); between Chiang Dao and Fang, 500 m, 7 vi 1973 (fr, fl), R. Geesink et al. 5762 (E, L); Doi Chiang Dao [19°259N 99°009E], 1050 m, 15 vii 1958 (fl, fr), K. Larsen 4078 (ABD, C); ibid., 600–1300 m, 25 ix 1971 (fr), G. Murata et al. 14995 (L); ibid., 18 x 1926 (fr), Put 389 (K); ibid., 1100 m, 15 vii 1958 (fl, fr), T. Smitinand 4689 (BKF); ibid., 1100–1800 m, 16 viii 1963 (fr, fl), T. Smitinand et al. 1036 (BKF, E, L); ibid., 1100 m, 16 ii 1958 (fr), T. Sorensen et al. 1233 (C); ibid., 1050 m, 15 vii 1958 (fl, fr), Sorensen et al. 4077 (ABD, BKF, C); ibid., 1050 m, v 1963 (fl, fr), Sorensen et al. 4078 (photos NY, UC).
Habitat and ecology. On limestone substrates inside forest or scrub.
🔴Paraboea swinhoei (Hance) B.L.Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 439 (1984). – Boea swinhoei Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, 5: 231 (1966). – Type: Formosa [Taiwan], Takow-Taiwan, Apes Hill, Bush [Ga01xiong2 City, Shou4shan1] [22°069N 120°039E], 1863 (fr), R. Swinhoe 62 (lecto BM, designated here; iso K). Fig. 47.
THAILAND. Chiangmai: Doi Sutep [18°559N 99°009E], 1000 m, 31 x 1967 (fr), B.L. Burtt 5578 (ABD, E); 1976 (fl), Cult. in E C4029 (E); Doi Sutep, x 1914 (fr), Y. Jung s.n. (BKF); Doi Sutep, 4 vii 1958 (fl), T. Sorensen et al. 3888 (BKF, C, K); Doi Sutep, 1100 m, 30 vii 1958 (fl), T. Sorensen et al. 4543 (C, K). Khonkaen: Pha Nok Khao [16°309N 103°009E], 800 m, 9 ix 1963 (fr, fl), T. Smitinand & H. Sleumer 1130 (BKF, E, K, L). Lampang: Doi Luang National Park, Wahng Cayo Falls, 600 m, 8 viii 1997, Maxwell 97-830 (A).
🔴Paraboea tarutaoensis Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 13 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Satun Province, Tarutao Island, Mallacca ck. [06°509N 99°309E], on limestone rocks, in 30 m tall thick forest, 12 x 1979 (fr), Congdon 10 (holo E; iso A, AAU, PSU). Fig. 48.
Additional specimen examined. THAILAND. Satun: Tarutao Island, c.4 km south of the N. Cape of the island, on rocky cliff, 10–50 m in shrub vegetation, 11 i 1986 (fr), Kurzweil HK783 (WU).
🔴Paraboea trachyphylla Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 13 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Surat Thani, Khao Lang Tao, 50 km W of Surat, road to Takuapah [09°009N 98°089E], 200–300 m, common on limestone, 26 ix 1963 (fl, fr), Smitinand, Sleumer et al. 1289 (holo E; iso A, B, BKF, C, E, K, L, P). Fig. 49.
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND. Surat Thani: Takuapah–Surat Thani road, 20– 60 km from Takuapah, 08°539N 98°219E, 100–250 m, 14 vii 1972 (fl), K. Larsen et al. 30949 (AAU, B, E, K, L). Phangnga: Tham Suwankuha, 08°159N 98°409E, in rock crevices, 50 m, 20 vii 1972 (fl), K. Larsen et al. 31181 (AAU).
🔴Paraboea uniflora Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 15 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Songkhla, Sadao District [06°559N 100°249E], Kao Roop Chang, Padang Besar, on open, rugged summit of a limestone peak, 11 vii 1986 (fr, fl fragment), J.F. Maxwell 86-451 (holo PSU; iso A, L).
This species is unique in the genus with its single-flowered inflorescence. This may be an extreme reduction of a normal cyme. The habit seems close to Paraboea lanata but the veins on the leaves are more prominent.
🔴Paraboea variopila Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 15 (1991). – Type: Thailand, Surat Thanee [Surat Thani] Province, common on stone in evergreen forest, 12 viii 1975 (fl, fr), D. Praphat 8 (holo E; iso BKF, C, L).
Proposed IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). Although this species is only known from two collections at least one of these is from the well-protected and extensive limestone area of Khao Sok National Park. This species was, however, included in Pooma (2005) as threatened in Thailand.
Additional specimen examined. THAILAND. Surat Thani: Pa Nom district, Khao Sok National Park [09°109N 98°429E], limestone hill, 100–200 m, 12 xii 1979 (ster), T. Shimizu et al. T-27070 (BKF, L).
This species is similar to Paraboea trachyphylla and P. acutifolia with which it shares the same inflorescence structure. However, the indumentum on the ovary and the capsule separates the three species: Paraboea variopila having dark brown glandular hairs, P. acutifolia possessing a matted indumentum, and P. trachyphylla without an indumentum.
🔴Paraboea vulpina Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 69 (1905); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 441 (1984). – Type: Peninsular Malaysia, Hot Springs, Ipoh, Kinta [03°319N 101°129E], xii 1896 (fl), Curtis 3132 (lecto K, designated by Burtt (1984: 441); iso SING). Fig. 53.
THAILAND. Trang: Nam Tai, 20 km N of Trang, limestone rock [07°429N 99°479E], 11 x 1970 (fr), Charoenphol, Larsen & Warncke 3642 (AAU). Krabi: Tam Soea, 10 km N of Krabi, limestone hill [08°109N 98°579E], 50–250 m, 24 x 1991 (fr), K. Larsen et al. 42551 (AAU).
This species may be related to Paraboea laxa with which it shares similar large and spreading cymes. However, Paraboea vulpina has branched hairs while P. laxa does not. This species may also be related to Paraboea tarutaoensis with which it shares the same multi-branched hairs. The latter species can be recognised by its few- flowered inflorescence.
Dorcocerus(Boe)
Boe" refers to the genus Boeica, which belongs to the plant family Gesneriaceae. Gesneriaceae is a large family of flowering plants, commonly known as the gesneriad family, and is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions. Boeica species are typically characterized by their pubescent (hairy) leaves and inflorescences, and their flowers have a short corolla tube and bilabiate (two-lipped) corolla
The genus Dorcoceras Bunge in Thailand is revised. There are four species, including two new species, Dorcoceras brunneum C.Puglisi and Dorcoceras glabrum C.Puglisi. A key, descriptions, and proposed IUCN assessments are presented.
Dorcoceras geoffrayi (Pellegr.) C.Puglisi. A. Habit; B. Habit; C. Flower, front view; D. Fruit; E. Flower, side view. Photos of Middleton et al. 5658 (A), Middleton et al. 5835 (B) and Middleton et al. 5833 (C-E). All photos by Preecha Karaket.
🔵 Boe clarkeana Hemsl.
ชาฤๅษี
Damrongia clarkeana, previously known as Boea clarkeana or Dorcoceras clarkeanum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae. This species is native to Thailand and has been a subject of interest in the fields of botany and horticulture due to its unique characteristics and potential applications.
Damrongia clarkeana is characterized by its distinctive floral morphology and growth habits. It is a perennial plant that thrives in shaded, humid environments, typically found in the tropical forests of Thailand. The plant's leaves are often large and elliptical, with flowers that are blue or purple in color, depending on the stage of development . Understanding the habitat preferences and ecological niches of D. clarkeana is crucial for conservation efforts and potential cultivation.
🔵 Dorcocerus brunneum C.Pugsiri
Dorcoceras brunneum C.Puglisi. A. Habit; B. Flower, front view; C. Flower, side view. Photos of Middleton et al. 5883 by Preecha Karaket (A, C) and David Middleton (B).
🔵Dorcoceras uthongensis(Gesneriaceae) • A New Species from the Limestone Karst of Suphan Buri, Thailand
จอกหินอู่ทอง
Dorcoceras uthongensis, a new species of the genus Dorcoceras Bunge, is described. This new species is endemic to Uthong district, Suphan Buri province, Thailand, and differs from the other species by exhibiting capitate glandular hairs with globose unicellular head on the abaxial surface of the leaf. Additionally, it is classified as an endangered species (EN) according to IUCN criteria. The phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 confirmed its placement within Dorcoceras. Moreover, we sought to explore the potential biological activities of the crude extract of this new species. We evaluated the aqueous extract of leaves which revealed antioxidant activity and no cytotoxicity indicating potential safety for further research and utilization. To examine the phytochemical composition, we performed an analysis using LC-MS/MS-QTOF. The result revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes.
สวนหินธรรมชาติ พุหางนาค สุพรรณบุรี 16/08/25
Ornithoboea
Ornithoboea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. Ornithoboea are perennial herbs, with stems curved at base. Leaves are opposite, often (slightly) anisophyllous. Distribution is from southern China southward to the northern part of the Malay Peninsula (China, Malaysia, east Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam).
The plants grow on rocks, in shaded, humid places and some (possibly all) species are confined to limestone.
A few species, in particular O. arachnoidea (S. China, N. Thailand), are remarkable for the extraordinary similarity of the flowers to orchid flowers.
Ornithoboea parishiiC.B.Clarke/S. Myanmar to W. Thailand
Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosaB.L.Burtt/Thailand
Ornithoboea puglisiaeS.M.Scott/Thailand
Ornithoboea wildeanaCraib/
Ornithoboea wildeana Craib
China (S. Yunnan) to N. Indo-China
🔵 Ornithoboea
arachnoidea(Diels) Craib
Ornithoboea arachnoidea (Diels) Craib
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 251 (1920); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 294 (1958); Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 477 (1990); Wang et al., Fl. China 18: 369 (1998); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 100 (2001). — Boea arachnoidea Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 225 (1912). TYPE: China, Yunnan, Ming kwang valley, Near Pei sha, 1828–2137 m, October 1905, G. Forrest 929 (holotype E; isotypes BM, K).
outside; tube c. 5.2 mm long, white to blue, puberulent on inside; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, each lobe 0.2 mm long, blue, apices rounded, glabrous except for a ring of blue short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 8 mm long, blue, glabrous except for a large palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 3.5–4 × 2.4–3.5 mm, oblong to slightly obovate, apices broadly acute to rounded. Stamens without a pronounced sterile projection; filaments 2–3 mm long, geniculate and curved through 90o; anthers c. 1 × 2.1 mm, glabrous, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1.5–1.8 mm long, thethird 0.2 mm long. Ovary c. 2 × 1.5 mm, densely glandular pubescent throughout; style c. 5 mm long; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 9.1–16.7 × 1.9–2.2 mm, twisted, glandular pilose, style persistent.
Distribution. Southern China and Thailand. Very likely to also occur in Myanmar and Laos.
Ecology. On karst limestone, usually in shade or in cave mouths or soil pockets on cliffs and slopes, over a wide altitudinal range of 490–2420 m.
Provisional IUCN Conservation Assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is widespread and locally common.
THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Road to Wiang Haeng, 21 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4538 (E); Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, 5 Nov 1961, Bunchuai, K. 1174 (BKF); ibidem, 4 Nov 1995, Gardner, S. & Gardner, N. H238 (L); ibidem, 15 Aug 1935, Garrett, H.B.G. 979 (E, K); ibidem, 10 Aug 1935, Garrett,H.B.G. 973 (A, ABD, L, P); ibidem, 17 Aug 1935, Garrett, H.B.G. 982 (K, P); ibidem, 8 Oct 1995, Maxwell, J.F. 95858 (A, BKF, L); ibidem, 13 Aug 1995, Parnell, J. et al. 95048 (BKF, K); ibidem, 23 Oct 1926, Put, N. 429 (ABD, BM, K); ibidem, 11 Sep 1967, Tagawa, M. et al. 9783 (BKF); Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Pha Blong Cave area, 10 Sep 1989, Maxwell, J.F. 891070 (A, E, L, MO); Chiang Dao, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Tham Pha Phlong, 20 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4523 (E); Mae Taeng, Doi Mawn Ngaw, 12 Aug 2002, Palee, P. 542 (L). Chiang Rai: Mae Sai, Doi Tung, 14 Nov 2010, van de Bult, M. 1122 (BKF); Wiang Pa Pao, 28 Sep 1996, Pooma, R. 1390 (BKF).Lampang: Mueang Pan, Jae Son National Park, Wang Di, Doi Pha Ngam, 25 Aug 1996, Maxwell, J.F. 961149 (BKF, L). Mae Hong Son: 10 Sep 1974, Larsen, K. & Larsen, S.S. 34327 (AAU, E); Pangmapha, Tham Lot cave area, Middleton, D.J. et al. 5232 (E).
🔵Ornithoboea barbantheraB.L.Burtt/
แก่นขมิ้นพระยานคร
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 297 (1958); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Sam Roi Yot, 50 m, 13 July 1926, A.F.G. Kerr 10977 (holotype ABD; isotypes BM, E, K).
พรรณไม้ถิ่นเดียวและหายากของไทย พบและเก็บตัวอย่างครั้งแรกเมื่อปี 1926 โดยหมอคาร์ (A. F. G. Kerr) ตัวอย่างหมายเลข 10977 ที่อุทยานแห่งชาติแห่งชาติเขาสามร้อยยอด จังหวัดประจวบคีรีขันธ์ มีเขตการกระจายพันธุ์ในประเทศไทยเฉพาะทางภาคตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ พบขึ้นตามริมหน้าผาหรือพื้นที่เปิดโล่งบนเขาหินปูนริมทะเล
Herb; stem 11–32(–39) cm tall, to 2–5.6 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout, leaf internodes 7–48(–90) mm. Leaves opposite; petiole 2.4–7(–9) cm long, densely glandular pubescent; blade herbaceous, ovate, 3.5–7.5(–11) × 2.2–6.7 cm, apex acute, base slightly unequal, rounded to cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate to bicrenate, the teeth 1.5–3.1(–7.6) mm; 7–10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above, more densely so beneath with hairs of various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 2.5–8 cm long, densely glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle 8–30(–36) mm long; bracts linear to triangular, 3.9–5.5 × 0.8–1.3 mm; pedicels 5–17 mm long. Sepals narrowly elliptic, green, 3-veined, 7–9.2 × 3.2– 3.5 mm, apices narrowly acute, sparsely puberulous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate; sepals mostly reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 20 mm long, lilac throughout, glabrous outside; tube c. 7.5 mm long; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe 1.5–3 mm long, apices rounded, glabrous except for a ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 13 mm long, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe c. 6.5 × 6.5 mm, obovate, central lobe overlapping lateral lobes, lobes not ciliate. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, yellow, 1.8–2 mm long; filaments 1.4–1.6 mm long; anthers 1 × 2–2.2 mm, densely bearded, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which c. 1.5 mm long, yellow, the third 0.3 mm long. Ovary 2.8–3 × 1.7 mm, glandular puberulent; style c. 8.5 mm long, glandular puberulent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 4.7–12.4 × 2.2–3.4 mm, twisted to barely twisted, densely pubescent.
Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Doi Chiang Dao, vouchered from cultivated collection, 4 Dec 1961, Unknown C.4080 (E).
VIETNAM: Ha Giang: Hang Co mountain, vouchered from cultivated collection, 16 Apr 2004, Scott s.n. (E). Son La: Moc Chau, Chieng Hac Municipality, 31 Oct 2006, Hiep, N.T. et al. HAL9419 (MO). Thanh Hoa: Quan Hoa District, Phu Le Municipality, Hang Village, 4 Oct 2003, Averyanov, L. et al. HAL3889 (MO).
This species is known from very few collections but the description and material available is full and complete and is based on a specimen sent to Craib in 1923 by Mr J.H. Lace. The emarginate lower corolla lobes are very distinct and make it easy to recognise but it does closely resembles a few other species of Ornithoboea. It is similar to Ornithoboea wildeana in the sparsely bearded anthers and elliptic to ovate sepals. It differs from Ornithoboea wildeana in having a much longer corolla, emarginate corolla lobes, shorter pedicels, and sepals which are shorter with narrowly acute apices. Ornithoboea lacei is generally a smaller plant and has distinctive red- glandular spots on the leaves. It is also similar to Ornithoboea calcicola with the same elliptic sepals and short peduncles but it differs from O. calcicola in having shorter bracts, a longer corolla tube and shorter filaments. Its differences to the only other species with emarginate corolla lobes, Ornithoboea emarginata, are discussed under that species. Munzinger 247 (P) from Champasak in southern Laos is very similar to this species but the flowers on the specimens are too poor to be certain and this collection is from much further south than the other collections. Thorel 2347 (B, GH, K, P), also from Champasak, could also be Ornithboea lacei but again the available material is too poor (see note under O. fedde
🔵Ornithoboea multitortaB.L.Burtt
ช่อดาราจักร
Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Phatthalung, Amphoe Sii Ban Phot, Khao Pu-Khao Ya National Park, 140 m, 14 Jul 2000, D.J. Middleton, T. Boonthavikoon, S.J. Davies, C.Hemrat & M.F. Newman 444 (holotype E, untraced; lectotype K, designated here; isotypes AAU, BKF, P, SING).
Herb; stem 30–100(–150) cm tall, to 2.7–5.2 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout, leaf internodes 2–11.5 cm. Leaves opposite, green above, paler below; petiole 3.5–13(–17.5) cm long, densely glandular puberulous, blade herbaceous, ovate to broadly ovate, 4–17.8(–22) × 4–12.5 cm, apex narrowly acute to attenuate, base slightly unequal, oblique to slightly cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate/ bicrenate to dentate, the teeth 1.3–4.7 mm; 9–11 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above, more dense beneath with hairs of various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 4–9.5 cm long, pseudoracemose, densely glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle 1.7–4.4 cm long; bracts linear to triangular, c. 3.5 × 0.4 mm; pedicels 7.1–10.9 mm long. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, green, 3-veined, 5–6 × 1.8–2.7 mm, apices narrowly acute, sparsely puberulous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate; sepals often reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 10 mm long, pale lavender/lilac throughout, glabrous outside; tube 4.5–5.1 mm long; upper lip very slightly 2-lobed, c. 1.5 mm long, reflexed, emarginate in centre, c. 0.6 mm deep, glabrous except for a ring of short white hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed,
กรุงชิง 28/7/25
c. 5 mm long, central lobe reflexed, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe c. 3.5 × 1.8–2.6 mm, lateral lobes slightly falcate, central lobe slightly ovate, apices rounded, fully reflexed. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, 0.7–1 mm long, yellow; filaments 1.2–1.6 mm long; anthers 0.6–1 × 1.5–2.1 mm, hairy, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1–1.5 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 1–1.4(–2) × 1.5–2.1 mm, glandular pubescent; style 5.5–6.1 mm long, glandular pubescent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 7.5–12.3 × 1.9–2.4 mm, tightly twisted, pubescent to densely pubescent.
Distribution. Southern Thailand.
Ecology. On karst limestone, usually shaded, at 80–350 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN Conservation Assessment. Near Threatened (NT). The currently known EOO of this species is < 5000 km2 and the AOO 16 km2, both of which would qualify it for Endangered if there were associated threats. However, most of the known localities are in National Parks where there is some disturbance but the extent of which is not currently likely to qualify the species as Endangered. Therefore, it is given a category of Near Threatened and its status should be monitored. Middleton (2012c) gave this species an assessment of Data Deficient but at that time the species delimitation only included the type collection.
Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Nakhon Si Thammarat: Nopphitam, Tham Lot Cave, 13 Feb. 2005, Williams, K. et al. 1460 (BKF, E, K, KEP). Phatthalung: 23 Sep. 1986, Maxwell, J.F. 86-700 (A, BKF, PSU); Ban Phot, 20 Dec. 1979, Shimizu, T. et al. T-27741 (BKF); Si Banphot, Khao Pu-Khao Ya National Park, 26 Oct. 1993, Larsen, K. et al. 44040 (A, AAU, BKF, K). Surat Thani: Tai Rom Yen National Park, Tham Khamin, 18 Dec. 2006, Pooma, R. et al. 6411 (A, BKF).
Twisted fruits of O.multitorta
This species, like Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa and O. flexuosa, is only found in southern Thailand. It can be recognised by the fully reflexed central lobe of the lower corolla lip, tightly twisted fruit and short corolla tube. It shares the characters of a reflexed corolla lobe, a pseudoracemose inflorescence and ovate to lanceolate sepals with Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa. There has been much confusion between Ornithoboea flexuosa, O. pseudoflexuosa and O. multitorta and the three species are often misidentified, especially when sterile (see notes on O. flexuosa and O. pseudoflexuosa). Ornithoboea flexuosa does not have the reflexed central lobe and its fruits are smaller and almost straight. In addition Ornithoboea multitorta has a longer corolla tube and sepals and bearded anthers. Ornithoboea multitorta shares a greater affinity to O. pseudoflexuosa but they can be distinguished by the tightly twisted fruits, longer internodes, shorter inflorescences, and longer sepals of O. multitorta.
Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Kanchanaburi, Between Huay Ban Kao and Kritee, 500 m, 4 July 1973, R. Geesink & C. Phengklai 6078 (holotype E; isotypes AAU, K, L, P). (Fig. 7, 11–13).
Herb; stem 9–30 cm tall, to 1.9–4.8 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout, leaf internodes 1.7–6.2 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole 4.5–11.5(–15) cm long, puberulous; blade herbaceous, ovate to elliptic, 4–21 × 2.5–12 cm, apex narrowly acute, base slightly unequal, broadly oblique, margin weakly to strongly crenate/ bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.3–4.8 mm; 7–10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above and below with hairs of various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 3–7 cm long, glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle 9–26 mm long; bracts linear to triangular, 2.5–5.1 × 0.8–1.3 mm; pedicels 9–21 mm long. Sepals ovate to elliptic, white, 3-veined, 5.8–7.3 × 2.5– 3.2 mm, apices narrowly acute, sparsely puberulous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate; sepals slightly reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 14 mm long, dark blue, glabrous outside; tube 3.5–4.6 mm long, white; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe c. 2 mm long, apices retuse, pubescent on inside lower half of lobe in addition to a ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 6.8 mm long, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, lateral lobes c. 6.8 × 4.2 mm, central lobe c. 5.7 × 4.2 mm, lobes oblong, apices rounded with occasional notch. Stamens without pronounced sterile projection; filaments thickened, geniculate and curved through 90o, 1–1.7 mm long; anthers 0.6–0.8 × 1.2–1.8 mm, glabrous, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1–2.2 mm long, the third 0.3 mm long. Ovary c. 1.2 × 0.7–0.9 mm, glandular puberulent; style c. 5.5 mm long, glandular puberulent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 5–6.5 × 1.8–2.8 mm, smaller than the calyx lobes, barely twisted, densely pubescent.
Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Kanchanaburi: s.l., 16 Aug 1971, Unknown 2983 (BKF); Thong Pha Phum, 4 Jul 1973, Maxwell, J.F. 73-105 (AAU); ibidem, Maxwell, J.F. 73-105 (AAU); ibidem, 22 Aug 2006, Triboun, P. 3638 (E); Thong Pha Phum, Huai Lam Khlong Ngu, Suthasorn 2490 (BK). Tak: Khao Pha Wo, 23 Jul 1973, Murata, G. et al. 16925 (L); Mae Sot, Phawo Shrine, 11 Sep 2009, Middleton, D.J. & Triboun, P. 4858 (E); Umphang, 14 Apr 1999, Chayamarit, K. 1588 (BKF).
Notes. There are many similarities between Ornithoboea occulta and O. obovata and they share the characters of geniculate filaments, long peduncles and slightly reflexed lower corolla lobes. However, Ornithoboea occulta has slightly twisted fruits, longer inflorescences, a large palatal beard, and oblong corolla lobes. Ornithoboea obovata differs in having almost non-twisted fruits with a distinctive persistent style curved through 180°, a shorter inflorescence, a small palatal beard, and obovate corolla lobes.
Stem 18 cm tall, to 2.6 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout, leaf internodes 30–40 mm. Leaves opposite; petiole 5–8 cm long, puberulous; blade herbaceous, ovate to elliptic, 6–14 × 5–7 cm, apex acute, base oblique, rounded, margin weakly to strongly crenate/bicrenate to dentate, the teeth 1–1.5 mm; c. 10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above and below with hairs of various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 4.2–4.5 cm long, puberulent throughout; peduncle 1.4–1.8 cm long; bracts linear to triangular, 6.4–11.4 × 2.2–2.7 cm; pedicels 8.7–12.4 mm long. Sepals narrowly ovate, green, 3-veined, c. 5.7 × 2.2 mm, apices narrowly acute, sparsely puberulous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate; sepals mostly reflexed in mature fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 13 mm long, pale blue; tube c. 5.5 mm long, glabrous; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe c.1 mm long, apices obtuse, reflexed, puberulous in addition to a ring of short hairs on a ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed with central lobe fully reflexed and flush against tube, glabrous except for a thick palatal beard at base of lobes, lateral lobes c. 9 × 1.8 mm, oblong, apices rounded, central lobe c. 7 × 2.3 mm, oblong, apices rounded. Stamens without a pronounced sterile projection; filaments 1.5 mm long, thickened, geniculate; anthers 0.5 × 2 mm, glabrous, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which c. 0.8 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 1.5 × 2 mm, glandular puberulent; style c. 4.5 mm long, glandular puberulent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit c. 12 × 2 mm, green, slightly twisted, puberulous.
Distribution. Myanmar and Thailand.
Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Tak: Umphang, 24 Apr 2004, Pooma, R. et al. 4644 (BKF); ibidem, 14 Jul 1999, Wongprasert, T. 99753 (BKF).
🔵Ornithoboea puglisiaeS.M.Scott/
ขนตาเสือ
Most similar to Ornithoboea calcicola in the elliptic sepals with a narrowly acute apex but differs in having shorter fruits with a persistent style, glabrous anthers, and petioles up to twice as long. Differs from Ornithoboea wildeana in its shorter corolla, smaller lower lobes with triangular apices and shorter sepals. TYPE: Thailand, Nan, Muang Nan, Tham Pha Toop, Trail to Phra Cave, 300 m, 16 August 2012, D.J. Middleton, P. Karaket, S. Suddee & P. Triboun 5617 (holotype E; isotypes BKF, P).
Herb; stem 40–50 cm tall, to 2.7–6.5 mm diameter, pubescent, leaf internodes 3.8– 6.7 cm. Leaves opposite, light green; petiole 6–20 cm long; blade herbaceous, ovate to elliptic, 4–21(–25) × 4–11.8 cm, apex acuminate to narrowly acute, base slightly unequal, oblique to narrowly cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate to dentate, rarely bicrenate to duplicato-dentate, the teeth 0.8–3 mm; c. 8 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; glandular puberulous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate. Inflorescence axillary, 7–13 cm long, glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle 2.3–3.6 cm long; bracts linear to lanceolate, 4.1–13 × 0.5–1.6 mm; pedicels 6.7–19.1 mm long. Sepals elliptic, pale green, 3-veined, 8.2–8.7 × 3–3.3 mm, apices narrowly acute, glabrous inside, densely glandular puberulous outside, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 12.7 mm long, light purple to white throughout, glabrous outside; tube c. 6 mm long; upper lip 2-lobed, erect, each lobe 0.2–0.4 mm long, apices notched, puberulous in addition to a ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, 6.8–9 mm long, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3 mm, oblong, apices rounded. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, projection 1.4–2 mm long, yellow; filaments c. 1 mm long; anthers 1.2–1.6 × 2.4–2.7 mm, slightly bearded, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1.8–2.5 mm long, the third 0.3–0.4 mm long. Ovary 1.5–1.8 × 1.2–1.5 mm, glandular puberulent throughout; style c. 9.2 mm long; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 11.6–14.3 × 1.7–2.1 mm, twisted, puberulous, style often persistent.
Herb; stem 10–45(–200) cm tall, to 1.9–4.5 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout, leaf internodes (1.3–)2.5–5.5 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole (1.3–)2.8– 11.5(–25.1) cm long, densely puberulous, blade herbaceous, ovate to elliptic, 6–20 × 4–12 cm, apex acute to broadly acute, base unequal, oblique to rounded, margin weakly to strongly crenate/bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.9–4.7(–5.7) mm; 8–10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; light green above, paler below, glandular puberulous above, more dense beneath with hairs of various lengths throughout. Inflorescence axillary, 3–9.1(–10.8) cm long, pseudoracemose, densely glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle (1.5–)1.9–4.7(–5.7) cm long; bracts linear to lanceolate, c. 4 × 1 mm; pedicels 8–11(–13) mm long. Sepals ovate, green to white, 3-veined, 4.5–5.5 × 1.5–2.2 mm, apices narrowly acute, glandular puberulous outside, more densely so beneath, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 9.5–10 mm long, purple/lilac throughout, glabrous outside; tube 3.2–4 mm long; upper lip very slightly 2-lobed, 1.2 mm long, lobes c. 0.7 mm long, white, erect to reflexed, notched in centre, glabrous except for a ring of short white hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, c. 7 mm long, lip slightly reflexed, glabrous except for white palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe c. 3–4 × 1.3–1.6(–2.5) mm, lateral lobes slightly falcate, apices narrowly rounded to acute, central lobe oblong to slightly ovate, apex narrowly rounded to acute. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, 1–1.5 mm long; filaments c. 1 mm long; anthers 0.5 × 1.5(–3) mm, glabrous, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1.2–1.4 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 1.2 × 0.7–1.2 mm, densely glandular puberulent;style 3–5.5 mm long, densely glandular pubescent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 4.3–7(–8.2) × 1.6–2.5mm, barely twisted by quarter turn to non-twisted, glandular puberulous.
Young fruits photo by Piyapong
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand.
Ecology. Growing in fissures or small soil pockets on cliff faces and cave mouths on
karst limestone at 10–150 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN Conservation Assessment. Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)). This species has an Area of Occupancy of about 32 km2 and the known localities are mostly not in protected areas. Gunung Keriang in Kedah is heavily impacted by tourism.
ถ้ำตลอด สงขลา
Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Pattani: 23 Jul 1923, Kerr, A.F.G. 7307 (BM, K); ibidem, 26 Jul 1923, Kerr, A.F.G. 7307A (BM, K). Songkhla: Khao Chang Low, 24 Jul 1928, Kerr, A.F.G. 15892 (BM, K); Saba Yoi, 25 Nov. 1990, Larsen, K. et al. 41696 (AAU); ibidem, 4 Jun 2001, Pooma, R. et al. 2052 (BKF). Yala: Bukit Tapang, May 1917, Gwynne- Vaughan, D.T. 480 (K); Tham Talu, 16 Jun 1970, Smitinand, T. 11008 (BKF); Than To, 22 Apr 2005, Pooma, R. et al. 5147 (BKF); ibidem, 17 Jul 2004, Poopath, M. 104 (BKF, E). PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Kedah: Alor Star, Gunung Keriang, 15 Nov 1915, Haniff, M. 640 (SING); ibidem, 18 May 1938, Kiah 35419 (SING); ibidem, 18 May 1938, Kiah s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1986, Weber, A. s.n. (SING); Bukit Hantu, 23 May 1957, Chew, W-L. CWL203 (SING).
🔵Ornithoboeapseudoflexuosa B. L. Burtt
กระบองทศคีรีวัน เบี้ยวใบติด
Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa B.L.Burtt
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 299 (1958); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Chumphon Province, Siepynan, [Ban Siep Yuan], 6 September 1927, N. Put 964 (holotype K (see note below); isotypes E, BM).
Herb; stem 18–80 cm tall, to 2.1 × 5.2 mm diameter, glandular pubescent throughout, leaf internodes 2.8–7.7 cm. Leaves opposite, pale green above, paler below; petiole 2.8–12(–18.5) cm long; blade herbaceous, elliptic to ovate, 6–19(–26) × 3.9–9.7 cm, apex acute to attenuate, base unequal, oblique to slightly rounded, margin weakly to strongly crenate/bicrenate to dentate/duplicato-dentate, the teeth 1.7–6.7 mm; 8–10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate; densely to sparsely yellow- glandular puberulous throughout with hairs of various lengths. Inflorescence axillary, 3–8.2(–13.3) cm long, pseudoracemose, densely glandular pubescent throughout; peduncle 2.2–4.7(–6) cm long; bracts linear to lanceolate, 3.1–5.6(–25.6) × 1(–4.9) mm; pedicels 6–12.1(–16.4) mm long. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, green, 3-veined, 5.5–7.3(–10.3) × 2.1–2.5 mm, apices narrowly acute, puberulous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate; some sepals reflexed when in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, c. 10 mm long, purple/white to violet throughout, glabrous outside; tube c. 6.7 mm long; upper lip very slightly 2-lobed, erect to reflexed, 1.5–2 mm long, lobes c. 0.5 mm long, emarginate in centre, c. 0.6 mm deep, glabrous except for a ring of short white hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, c. 6.6 mm long, central lobe completely reflexed, glabrous except for palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 2.2–3.5 × 2.2 mm, lateral lobes slightly falcate, apices rounded, central lobe slightly ovate. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, projection 1.5–1.9 mm long, yellow; filaments 0.6–1(–1.5) mm long; anthers 0.5–0.7(–1.3) × 1.8–2.2 mm, hairy, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which 1.3–2 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary 0.9–2.1 × 0.9–1.2 mm, glandular puberulent throughout; style 5.5–6 mm long; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 6.1–9.6 × 2.1–3.3 mm, twisted to more than half a turn or barely twisted, glandular puberulous.
Distribution. Thailand.
วัดถ้ำน้ำใส สงขลา 03/08/25
Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Chumphon: Sawi, Khao Khai, Tham Thip Prida San Chang Len, 26 Dec 2006, Pooma, R. et al. 6679 (A, BKF, E); Thung Tako, Ban Khao Talu, 4 Dec 2002, Koonkhunyhod, N. & de Wilde-Duyfjes, B.E.E. 309 (BKF). Phatthalung: 12 Apr 1928, Kerr, A.F.G. 15145 (BM, K). Ranong: Ko Thalu, 3 Feb 1927, Kerr, A.F.G. 11790 (ABD). Surat Thani: Khao Wong, 24 Sep 1963, Smitinand, T. & Sleumer, H.O. 1236 (BKF); Phanom, 16 Feb 2005, Williams, K. & Pooma, R. 1546 (BKF); Phanom, Khao Sok National Park, 6 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4318 (E); Phanom, Khlong Phanom National Park, 21 Oct 2010, Middleton, D.J. 5230 (E); ibidem, 26 Sep 2010, Middleton, D.J. et al. 5545 (E); ibidem, 7 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4336 (E). Trang: Huay Yot, Wat Tham Iso, 9 Sep 2008, Middleton, D.J. et al. 4426 (E, KEP); ibidem, 10 Aug 2005, Pooma, R. et al. 5630 (BKF); ibidem, 14 Jun 2006, Williams, K. et al. 1741 (A, BKF, E); Lamphura, 15 Nov 1990, Larsen, K. et al. 41388 (AAU, BKF).
กรุงชิง 27/07/25
Notes. In the protologue Burtt (1958) cited the holotype as being at ABD but no specimens of this collection could be found there. However, there is a specimen at K (over two sheets labelled sheet 1 and 2) which has clearly been labelled as the holotype by Burtt. We consider this to have been an error in the protologue to be corrected rather than that the K material requires lectotypification.
Young fruit
This species is only found in the south of Thailand and is recognisable by its large leaves, longish pseudoracemose inflorescences and the distinct character of a fully reflexed central lobe on the 3-lobed lower lip, a character it shares with Ornithoboea multitorta. Many other Ornithoboea species have a reflexed central lobe, such as
O. calcicola, O. emarginata, O. flexuosa and O. puglisiae, but in none of these does the lobe reflex past 90° as in O. multitorta and O. pseudoflexuosa.
There has been much confusion between Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa, O. flexuosa and O. multitorta. Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa can be separated from Ornithoboea flexuosa by the fully reflexed central lobe of the lower corolla lip. In Ornithoboea flexuosa the central lobe is not or only slightly reflexed. It differs further in having a fruit which is longer and more twisted, and anthers which are distinctly bearded.
Ornithoboea pseudoflexuosa bears a strong resemblance to Ornithoboea multitorta but differs in the barely twisted fruit, the longer corolla tube and longer sepals.
🔵Ornithoboea maxwellii S.M.Scott, sp.
Differs from all other Ornithoboea species in not having the palatal beard found on the lower corolla lip and from all except O. arachnoidea in having an arachnoid indumentum. It is most similar to Ornithoboea obovata with which O. maxwellii shares the character of non-twisted fruits with straight dehiscence but differs in having lanceolate sepals and arachnoid indumentum throughout. TYPE: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, Hang Dong Subdistrict, Ban Pong, 850 m, 3 September 2003, J.F. Maxwell 03-268 (holotype E; isotypes A, CMU n.v., L).
Herb; stem c. 6–10.5 cm tall, to 1.3–2.4 mm diameter, glandular arachnoid pubescence throughout, leaf internodes 2.5–8 mm. Leaves opposite, deep green above, purple/red below; petiole 2.2–5.5 cm long; blade herbaceous, orbicular, 2.6–5.6 × 3–3.5 cm, apex obtuse, base slightly unequal, oblique to cordate, margin weakly to strongly dentate to crenate, rarely bicrenate, the teeth 1.5–4.6 mm; 5–6 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary
venation reticulate. Inflorescence axillary, 18–31 mm long, glandular arachnoid pubescence throughout; peduncle 6.3–7.1 mm long; bracts lanceolate, c. 1.6 × 1 mm; pedicels 4.5–6 mm long. Sepals lanceolate, light green, 3-veined, 3.7–4 × 1.2–1.7 mm, apices narrowly acute, sparsely arachnoid above, more densely so beneath, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 14 mm long, white, glandular pubescence throughout; tube c. 4.3 mm long; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe c. 0.5 mm long, apices rounded, hairy in addition to a ring of short white hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 5 mm long, lobes hairy but without characteristic palatal beard, lobes c. 1.5–2.3 × 0.6–1.7 mm, slightly obovate, apices rounded. Stamens without pronounced sterile projection; filaments thickened, geniculate and curved through 90o, 1–1.5 mm long; anthers 0.6 × 1.5–2.3 mm, slightly hairy, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which c. 1 mm long, the third 0.2 mm long. Ovary c. 1–1.5 × 1 mm, glandular puberulent; style (5–)6–8 mm long, glandular puberulent; stigma globose/rounded. Fruit 5.8 × 1.4–1.9 mm, slightly curved with no twist, slightly arachnoid to densely puberulous.
Additional specimens examined: THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Hang Dong, Ban Pong, 19 Aug 2004, Maxwell, J.F. 694 (A, BKF); ibidem, 2004, Möller, M. 04-439 (E).
Bull. Misc. Info. Kew. 1916: 268 (1916); Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 298 (1958); Li, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(2): 42 (1983); Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 479 (1990); Wang et al., Fl. China 18: 370 (1998); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 101 (2001). TYPE: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao, from cultivated collection at Trinity College Dublin Botanic Garden, 5 Aug 1914, Unknown s.n. (holotype K).
Herb; stem 30–150 cm tall, to 2.5–5.3(–8.9) mm diameter, red glandular pilose throughout, leaf internodes 3–10.2 cm. Leaves opposite; petiole 2–11.5 cm long; blade herbaceous, ovate to narrowly ovate, 4–21(–25) × 4–11.8 cm, apex acuminate to narrowly acute, base slightly unequal, oblique to narrowly cordate, margin weakly to strongly crenate to dentate, rarely bicrenate to duplicato-dentate, the teeth 0.8–3 mm; 8–10 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation reticulate, ciliate; glandular puberulous throughout with hairs of various lengths. Inflorescence axillary, 3–15(– 25) cm long, red glandular pilose throughout; peduncle 1.1–3.1(–5.2) cm long; bracts
linear to lanceolate, 6.5–18.3 × 0.8–1.6 mm; pedicels (6.7–)11.1–20.3 mm long. Sepals ovate to narrowly ovate, purple/pink to purple/green, 3-veined, 8–14.6 × 1.5–3.2 mm, spreading, apices narrowly attenuate, glandular puberulous above, more densely so beneath, ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, c. 17 mm long, blue/purple throughout, glabrous outside; tube (6.5–)7.8–9 mm long; upper lip slightly 2-lobed, erect, each lobe 0.5–0.7 mm long, apices emarginate, glabrous except for a ring of short hairs on the ridge of tissue at the base of the lip which runs down to the sinus with the lower lip; lower lip 3-lobed, slightly reflexed, c. 8 mm long, glabrous except for pale palatal beard at base of lobes, each lobe 3–4(–5) × 2.3–3 mm, slightly obovate, apices rounded, central lobe overlapping lateral lobes. Stamens with a pronounced sterile projection, projection 1.5–1.6 mm long, yellow to light blue; filaments 0.7–1 mm long; anthers (0.5–)1–1.5 × 2–2.8 mm, sparsely bearded, lightly fused at the tips; staminodes 3, two of which c. 1.5–2(–2.5) mm long, the third 0.3 mm long. Ovary 1.3–2.4(–3) × 0.9–1.5 mm, glandular puberulent throughout; style (6.1–)9–12.4 mm long; stigma globose/ rounded. Fruit 9.8–17.4 × 1.8–3.2 mm, twisted, pilose.
Distribution. China, Thailand, Laos, (Vietnam?).
Ecology. On karst limestone at 150–2100 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN Conservation Assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is widespread (even allowing the doubt over the distribution in Vietnam) and locally fairly common.
Codonoboea
Codonoboea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It includes 129 species which range from Myanmar and Thailand through northern Malesia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Maluku) to New Guinea. Many of its species were formerly placed in the genus Henckelia.
A revision of Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae: Didymocarpoideae) in Thailand
D.J. Middleton
Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore davidmiddletonsing@gmail.com
ABSTRACT. The genus Codonoboea Ridl. (Gesneriaceae: Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae: Didymocarpinae) is revised for Thailand. Thirteen species are recognised, one of which, Codonoboea poopathii D.J.Middleton, is new to science and three of which, C. dawnii (Kiew) Kiew, C. oreophila Kiew ex C.L.Lim and C. urticoides (A.Weber) Kiew, are new records for Thailand. Didymocarpus reptans Jack is neotypified; D. hispidus Ridl. var. selangorensis Ridl., D. inaequalis Ridl., D. rugosus Ridl. and D. urticifolius Ridl. are lectotypified; and D. hispidus Ridl.
Herb (or subshrub?) with woody base; stems densely appressed pubescent. Leaves alternate, spaced along stem to clustered at apex; petioles not easily distinguished from laminas due to being winged, 1–6 cm long, wings 3–11 mm wide, often widest at base of petiole where they are also often very laciniate and up to 20 mm wide; laminas elliptic to obovate, 11–21 × 3.7–7 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margin denticulate, becoming serrate towards base and on petiole wings, 14–33 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation anastomosing between secondary veins, midrib and veins flush with lamina or very slightly raised above, above with appressed hairs so dense that lamina surface not or barely visible beneath hair covering, beneath same but slightly less dense. Inflorescences 1–3-flowered, often several arising from a single axil, c. 7.5 cm long; peduncle/pedicel c. 3 cm long, densely covered in a mixture of gland-tipped and eglandular hairs. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 4–5.6 × 0.6–1.7 mm, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white with two yellow lines in throat, c. 47 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse gland-tipped hairs throughout, inside with small gland-tipped hairs at base of upper lobes, papillose in two rows in line with sinuses on lower lip almost to insertion of stamens in tube; tube to sinus between upper and lower lips c. 38 mm long; upper lip c. 8 mm long, lobes c. 5.5 × 7.5 mm; lower lip c. 10 mm long, lateral lobes c. 6 × 7.5 mm, central lobe c. 8 × 7.5 mm. Stamens inserted at c. 26 mm from corolla base; filaments (immature) c. 5 mm long, apex prolonged slightly beyond insertion to anthers; anthers (immature) c. 0.7 × 2.5 mm; lateral staminodes c. 8.5 mm long. Nectary irregularly annular, c. 1.7 mm long, margin crenate. Pistil c. 40.5 mm long, densely covered in long gland-tipped hairs and fewer eglandular hairs throughout; ovary c. 20.5 mm long; style c. 20 mm long. Fruit 8–9.5 cm long, 2–3 mm wide.
Distribution. Endemic to Thailand.
🔵Codonoboea dawnii(Kiew) Kiew
เบตง ยะลา Hala Bala ภูเขาทอง
🔵Codonoboea filicalyx(B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton นิคมแว้ง นราธิวาส เบตง ยะลา Hala Bala ภูเขาทอง
Habitat: Tropical rain forest, 300–1,100 m.
Distribution: Pen Thailand: Yala, Narathiwat. Status: + VU
🔵Codonoboea hispida(Ridl.) Kiew
แก้วน้ำค้าง
เบตง ยะลา Hala Bala
🔵Codonoboea inaequalis(Ridl.) Kiew
คอหงษ์ หาดใหญ่
🔵Codonoboea kolokensis(B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton
แว้ง นราธิวาส สุไหงโกลก
Habitat: Tropical rain forest, 200–500 m.
Distribution: Pen Thailand: Narathiwat (Su Ngai Kolok, Waeng). Status: + VU
Decumbent or erect herb to 100 cm tall; stems densely covered in short acicular hairs and much longer eglandular uniseriate hairs. Leaves alternate, densely clustered towards stem apex, occasionally more widely spaced; petioles winged so not easily defined, 0.5–2 cm long, wing 2–8 mm on either side, reaching base or not, sometimes widest at base and more deeply serrate than lamina; laminas dark green above, paler green beneath, sometimes tinged purple, elliptic to obovate, (4.5–)9–27 × 4–6.5 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate to cuneate, margin serrate or doubly serrate, 11–25 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation anastomosing between secondary veins, midrib and veins flush with lamina or only very slightly raised or sunken above, above densely long pubescent with hairs with a bulbous base, beneath a mixture of dense short hairs along with dense much longer eglandular uniseriate hairs all over. Inflorescences 1–2-flowered, often several arising from a single leaf axil, 7–10 cm long, densely pubescent with a mix of long and short hairs; peduncle/ pedicel 2.5–5 cm long. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4 × 1.3–1.7 mm, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white to pale lilac, often white throughout except for lilac corolla lobe margins, with 2 yellow lines in throat, 31–55 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse short gland-tipped hairs throughout, denser towards lobes, inside with short-stalked glands at bases of lobes, denser and slightly larger at base of dorsal lobes, robust hairs in line with sinuses
Distribution. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra.
Habitat and ecology. In shade or more open areas in wet or dry primary or secondary
evergreen forest at 30–1000 m.
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND: Nakhon Si Thammarat: Khiriwong, 400 m, 15 May 1968, Van Beusekom & Phengklai 759 (BKF, E, K, P); Khao Luang, 625 m, 3 Feb 1966, Hennipman 3827 (BKF, K, P); ibidem, 200 m, 21 Aug 1967, Iwatsuki et al. T-14520 (BKF); ibidem, 600 m, 7 Nov 1951, Smitinand 1045 (BKF, E); ibidem, 600 m, 7 Aug 1951, Smitinand 917 (BKF, E); Khao Luang, Middle elevation, 680 m, 18 Jan 1966, Tagawa et al. T-4638 (BKF, E); ibidem, 680 m, 19 Jan 1966, Tagawa et al. T-4661 (BKF). Phatthalung: Khao Soi Dao, 29 Apr 1930, Kerr 19230 (K). Trang: Khao Chong, 14 Apr 1928, Kerr 15196 (BM, K); ibidem, 15 Nov 1959, Smitinand & Abbe 6150 (BKF, K). Pattani: Bukit, 25 Jan 1931, Put 3638 (K); ibidem, 7 Jun 1930, Kiah 24252 (K, P, SING); Bulait, 100 m, 8 Jul 1923, Kerr 7115 (BM, K). Yala: Betong, Than Num Thip, trail behind Sa Ho Dam, 370 m, 21 Jul 2015, Poopath et al. 1258 (SING); Khao Pok Yok, 1000 m, 10 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42281 (BKF, P); Nikom Kua Long, 150 m, 23 Dec 1972, Santisuk 490 (BKF); Bannang Sata, Khuean Bang Lang, Churaphorn Phattana 7th Project, Khao Chalong Chai, 600 m, 14 Jul 2005, Poopath 324 (BKF); Than To, Ban Chulaphon Phatthana 7 area, 200 m, 31 Oct 2001, Pooma et al. 3192 (BKF); Than To, Ban Chulaphon Phatthana 7 area, Along Tomo River, 160 m, 20 May 2005, Middleton et al. 3498 (BKF, E); Than To, Ban Chulaphon Phatthana 7 area, Khao Hin Yok, 660 m, 11 Feb 2004, Middleton et al. 2967 (A, BKF); Than To, Mae Wad, Churaphorn Phattana 7 project nature trail, 200 m, 15 Jul 2004, Poopath 100 (BKF); ibidem, 250 m, 27 Oct 2005, Poopath 400 (BKF, E); ibidem, 180 m, 14 Jun 2004, Poopath 86 (BKF). Narathiwat: s.l, Winit s.n. (BKF); Ban Bala, S of Waeng, 200 m, 16 Aug 1995, Larsen et al. 45673 (K, SING); Sungei Kolok, Nikom Waeng, 2 Mar 1974, Larsen & Larsen KL 32846 (AAU, BKF, E); ibidem, 25 Sep 1966, Sangkhachand 428 (BK); Nikom Waeng, 25 Sep 1966, Prayad 428 (BK); Waeng, 20 Aug 1966, Sangkhachand & Nimanong 1246 (BKF, P); ibidem, 30 Jun 1972, Nitrasirirak 203 (BKF, E); Waeng, Bala-Hala Wildlife Sanctuary, 24 Jan 1998, Puudjaa 461 (BKF); ibidem, Lo Jud, 80 m, 23 Oct 2005, Poopath 382 (BKF, E); Sukhirin, Phu Khao Tong, To Mo Cheak Dam, 185 m, 6 Jun 2004, Poopath 38 (BKF, E); ibidem, 185 m, 6 Jun 2004, Poopath 39 (BKF); Sukhirin, Khao Ai Kapok, 20 Oct 1996, Niyomdham 4826 (BKF); Sukhirin, To Mo, Ban Kabibi, 150 m, 23 Apr 1931, Lakshnakara 771 (BM, K); Sungei Padi, Chatwarin Falls, 14 Mar 1986, Smitinand s.n. (BKF); ibidem, 200 m, 22 Apr 1995, Niyomdham 4054 (BKF); Sungei Padi, Chatwarin, 100 m, 8 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42217 (BKF, P).
🔵Codonoboea poopathiiD.J.Middleton
ศุขิรินทร์ ฮาลา บาลา เขาอีแดง
Most similar to Codonoboea craspedodroma (Kiew) Kiew in the deeply sunken secondary veins which end in the sinus between the teeth of the leaf lamina margin but it differs in the shorter leaf laminas (3.5–8 cm vs 9–16 cm), smaller marginal teeth, and longer corolla (30–36 mm vs c. 12 mm). It differs from all other species in the ‘Pectinati group’ in Codonoboea in the generally smaller leaves and secondary veins ending in the sinuses between the teeth (the veins in the other species in the group fork before reaching the sinus or the leaf lamina is deeply divided and hence the lateral veins are very short). – TYPE: Narathiwat, Sukhirin, Hala-Bala WS, Khao Ai Dang, 600 m, 24 October 2005, Poopath 384 (holotype BKF [SN194025]
Perennial herb to 25 cm tall; short stem woody, to 18 mm diam. including old and persistent leaf bases, with long pale brown (when dried) hairs throughout. Leaves opposite but this partly obscured by being densely clustered at stem apex; petioles 0.8–2 cm long, densely covered in long hairs; laminas oblong, narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 3.5–8 × 1–2.2 cm, apex short acuminate, base cuneate, margin serrate to crenate, 15–25 secondary veins on each side of midrib, deeply sunken above and strongly raised beneath giving the lamina a corrugated appearance, veins mostly reaching to the sinus between the marginal teeth and then more weakly extending
submarginally towards sinus of next tooth, occasionally forking before margin in sinuses towards base, with long hairs on midrib above and beneath, more sparsely so on secondary veins beneath, papillose all over beneath. Inflorescences several per plant, scapose, 1–3-flowered, 14–18 cm long; peduncles 7–14 cm long, with sessile glands, sparse short acicular hairs and occasional much longer hairs; bracts 4–5.5 × 1.7–2.5 mm, glabrous or with occasional long hair; pedicels 3–20 mm long, indumentum as on peduncle but more densely so; flowers nodding. Calyx lobes triangular, 2–3 × 0.6–1 mm, indumentum as on pedicels. Corolla bluish pink to lilac, with two pale yellow stripes ventrally in tube, 30–36 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside sparsely pubescent with gland-tipped hairs, inside with few robust gland-tipped hairs behind stamens; tube to sinus between upper and lower lips 18–24 mm long; upper lip 3.5–5 mm long, lobes 3.5–5 × 3–6 mm; lower lip 7.5–10.5 mm long, lateral lobes 2.4–5 × 3.4–6 mm, central lobe 3.2–6.5 × 2.8–5.5 mm. Stamens inserted at 6–13 mm from corolla base; filaments filiform, 7–17 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.8–1.1 × c. 2 mm, glabrous; staminodes 0.3–2 mm long. Nectary annular, 0.7–1.2 mm long, margin crenate. Pistil 18–22 mm long; ovary c. 11 mm long, densely pubescent with minute eglandular hairs and occasional gland-tipped hairs towards apex; style 7–11 mm long, densely pubescent with gland-tipped hairs. Fruit not seen.
Distribution. This species has only been recorded from Khao Ai Dang in Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.
Habitat and ecology. In shade in moist evergreen forest on quartzite rock at 500–600 m.
Etymology. This new species is named after Mr Manop Poopath of the Bangkok Forest Herbarium who has collected many interesting Gesneriaceae in Thailand, including material of this new species.
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND: Narathiwat: Sukirin, Khao Ai Dang Noi, 12 Apr 1997, Niyomdham & Puudjaa 5004 (BKF); Bala-Hala [Hala-Bala], Khao Ai Daang [Khao Ai Dang], 500 m, 21 Aug 1998, Niyomdham & Puudjaa 5543 (BKF).
Notes. Codonoboea poopathii D.J.Middleton belongs in the ‘Pectinati group’ of species (Kiew, 1987; Lim & Kiew, 2014) in which the secondary veins are deeply sunken above and strongly raised beneath. Kiew (1987) notes that the venation pattern at the margin is characteristic for some species in this group. The pattern in Codonoboea poopathii is most similar to that in Codonoboea craspedodroma (Kiew) Kiew whereby the deeply sunken secondary veins reach directly to the sinus between the teeth of the margin in most cases (sometimes forking before margin in veins towards lamina base).
🔵 Codonoboea porphyrea (B. L. Burtt) D. J. Middleton
Burtt, B. L. 2001. Flora of Thailand: annotated checklist of Gesneriaceae. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 29: 81−109.
🔵Codonoboea reptans(Jack) C.L.Lim
เบตง ยะลา
🔵Codonoboea rugosa(Ridl.) C.
ม่วงลัดดา
ภาคใต้เกือบทุกจังหวัด
Decumbent or erect herb to 100 cm tall; stems densely long pubescent. Leaves alternate, crowded towards stem apex, more rarely spaced along stem; petiole 0.5–2.5 cm long, winged to base; laminas elliptic to obovate, often bullate above, (6.5–)9.5–35 × 2.8–8 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margin serrate, more deeply so on petiole wing, 27–57 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation scalariform directly linking the secondary veins, at least in lower half of leaf, sometimes barely anastomosing between secondary veins in upper half of leaf, midrib and veins flush with lamina or only very slightly raised or sunken above, above with sparse long hairs on midrib and on lamina, usually only 1 or 2 hairs per areole, rarely more, beneath with short acicular hairs on all venation plus longer uniseriate hairs on midrib and secondary veins. Inflorescences 1-flowered, 7–17 cm long, densely pubescent throughout with hairs eglandular or gland-tipped and of varying lengths; bracts linear, to 4.5 mm long; peduncle/pedicel 5–14 cm long. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4.6 × 1.2–1.5 mm, apices acute, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white to pale blue or a combination of both, sometimes tinged pink, with two yellow lines in throat, 36–43 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse eglandular hairs throughout, inside with short-stalked glands at bases of lobes, denser and slightly larger at base of dorsal lobes, sparse hairs in line with sinuses of lower lip down into tube; tube 19–27 mm long; upper lip 7–9 mm long, lobes 6–7.5 × 8–9.5 mm; lower lip 11–16 mm long, lateral lobes 7–8.5 × 9–10 mm, central lobe 9–9.5 × 8.5–9.5 mm. Stamens inserted at 11–14 mm from corolla base; filaments stout, 7–14 mm long, glabrous, with two short spurs at connection to anthers; anthers 1.1–1.6 × 2.8–3.5 mm, glabrous; lateral staminodes 3.5–4 mm long, medial staminode c. 0.5 mm long. Nectary 0.8–2 mm long, margin crenate. Pistil 20–26 mm long, with dense short eglandular and/or longer gland-tipped hairs throughout; ovary 10–15 mm long; style 8–12 mm long. Fruit 3.5–6.7 cm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide
Microchirita is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, subfamily Didymocarpoideae.It contains 48 species native to tropical Asia, ranging from the Indian subcontinent to Indochina, southern China, Malaysia and Thailand
Weber, A.; Middleton, D.J.; Clark, J.L. & Möller, M. (2020), "Keys to the infrafamilial taxa and genera of Gesneriaceae", Rheedea, 30 (1): 5–47, doi:10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02
Most similar to Microchirita limbata C.Puglisi in the overall shape of the corolla and in colour, but differs in not having a glandular indumentum and in the much longer corolla and larger calyx. – TYPE: Thailand, Loei, Pha Khao, ..., 447 m, 5 November 2014,
Similar to Microchirita involucrata (Craib) Yin Z.Wang and M. rupestris (Ridl.) A.Weber & Rafidah) in having bracteate inflorescences. Differs from both in the bracts being fused only at the base (i.e. not divided as in Microchirita involucrata and not fused into a cup as in M. rupestris), in the dimorphic indumentum of sparse, long eglandular hairs and dense short glandular hairs on the leaf (eglandular indumentum in M. involucrata and M. rupestris), and in the tripartite calyx. It differs further from Microchirita involucrata in the serrate margin of the bracts and from M. rupestris in the much smaller size of the bracts. – TYPE: Thailand, Nan, Song Kwaw, Sakoen, Khao Tham Plakang, 750 m, 3 September 2006, Watthana, S. 2126 (holotype QBG; isotype CMU).
Differing from the other small white-flowered species by the combination of the curved and longer corolla, pubescent anthers, the disc being of one broad lobe, and the mainly glabrous ovary. – Type: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao District, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Tam Pak Piang, 530 m alt., 20 Sept. 2008, Middleton, Karaket, Triboun, Kawatkul & Meeboonya 4526 (holotype BKF; isotypes E, P, QBG). Fig. 3A–D.
Herb to 60 cm tall, stems fleshy, purplish red or reddish at base, green higher. Leaves opposite
4526 (BKF, E, P, QBG); Chiang Dao District, Kio Phawok border checkpoint, 750 m alt., 30 Sept. 2009, Middleton, Lindsay & Suksathan 5017 (BKF, E, QBG); Chiang Dao District, Dan Pha Wok, 740 m alt., 20 Aug. 1999, Watthana, Suksathan & Argent 559 (QBG); Chiang Dao District, Road to Wiang Haeng, 610 m alt., 21 Sept. 2008, Middleton, Karaket, Triboun, Kawatkul & Meeboonya 4536 (BKF, E, QBG); Doi Chiang Dao, 600–650 m alt., 28 Aug. 1935, Garrett 1002 (K)].
Microchirita karaketii is most easily distinguished from the species currently called M. hamosa in the more downwardly curved corolla and long tuft of downward pointing hairs arising from the anthers near the insertion with the filament. It also differs in the papillose ovary at least in the lower half (sometimes pubescent in upper half - it is densely pubescent throughout in the species currently called M. hamosa), the single wide disc lobe on the ventral side of the flower which half surrounds the base the ovary (of one or two narrow lobes in the species currently called M. hamosa), and usually in the two purple spots either side of the central yellow stripe on the inside ventral surface of the corolla. This last character is also rarely present in the species currently called M. hamosa but the majority of those specimens have the yellow stripe but no purple spots. The specimens of the species currently called M. hamosa that do have purple spots have the same corolla shape, glabrous anthers, pubescent ovary and 2 disc lobes as typical in that species. In Microchirita karaketii the anthers are always attached to each other at their lobes 2.4 by 4 mm; lower lobe 1.8–3 by 4 mm. Stamens inserted at 3.2–4 mm from corolla base; filaments 2.2–2.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 1.1–1.2 by 2.2–2.5 mm, cohering by apices, with dense hairs near junction of upper anther locules and filaments. Disc half surrounding base of ovary, 0.6 mm high. Ovary 5.5–6.5 mm long, papillose in lower half, densely pubescent in upper half; style 3.3–4 mm long, densely pubescent; stigma bifid, lobes 1 mm long.
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phrae [Rong Kwang District, Tham Pha Nang Khoi, 210 m alt., 17 Aug. 2012, Middleton, Karaket, Suddee & Triboun 5618 (BKF, E, P, QBG, SING)]; Lampang [Ngao District, near Tham Pha Thai, 520 m alt., 24 Sept. 2008, Middleton, Karaket, Triboun, Kawatkul & Meeboonya 4580 (BK, BKF, E, P, SING); Chae Hom District, Bansa subdistrict, Bansa Village, road to Chae Hom, 400 m alt., 15 Oct. 2006, Palee 1027 (CMU)].
Ecology.— Dry evergreen or mixed deciduous and bamboo forest on karst limestone at 210–520 m altitude.
Etymology.— Microchirita suddeei is named in honour of Dr Somran Suddee, one of the collectors of the type specimen and who has given us such invaluable help and expertise in the field over many years.
Epithemais a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae and subfamilyDidymocarpoideae. Species range from western tropical Africa to Uganda, tropical and subtropical Asia, and New Guinea.
Epithema tenue C.B.Clarke. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Calyx. D. Flower opened out. E. Stigma lateral view. F. Fruit showing seeds, placenta and operculum. G. Seeds. Scale bars: A = 10 cm; B = 5 mm; C, F = 3 mm; D = 6 mm; E = 1 mm; G = 0.5 mm. Drawn by Claire Banks from Letouzy 7722 (A, B), Letouzy 13973 (D, E) and Sita 2886 (C, F, G).
20 species are accepted.
Epithema benthamiiC.B.Clarke/Central Malesia to W. New Guinea.
Epithema carnosumBenth./Himalaya to E. India and S. China to Indo-China
Epithema ceylanicumGardner / เลย หินผางาม
Epithema dolichopodumHilliard & B.L.Burtt/Borneo (Sabah) to Philippines (Palawan).
Epithema horsfieldii(R.Br.) DC./Jawa to Sulawesi.
Epithema involucratum(Roxb.) B.L.Burtt/Central & S. Malesia
Epithema longipetiolatum(Merr.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt/Sulawesi to W. New Guinea
Epithema longitubumHilliard & B.L.Burtt/Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores, Timor)
Epithema tenueC.B.Clarke/W. Tropical Africa to Uganda and N. Angola.
มีรายงานในไทยแล้ว 4 ชนิด
🔵 Epithema carnosumBenth./
Native to:
Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Is., Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya Indo-China
เจอทางภาคตะวันตก
🔵 Epithema ceylanicum Gardner
Native to:
Andaman Is., Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam
หูหมีศรีลังกา
พืชล้มลุกในวงศ์ชาฤๅษี (Gesneriaceae) จากสวนหินผางาม จังหวัดเลย มักพบขึ้นตามเขาหินปูน (ขอขอบคุณข้อมูล Dr. David Middleton)
Five new species of Didymocarpus are described from Thailand: Didymocarpusbrevicalyx Nangngam & D.J.Middleton, Didymocarpus formosus Nangngam & D.J.Middleton, Didymocarpus kasinii Nangngam & D.J.Middleton, Didymocarpus pauciflorus Nangngam & D.J.Middleton and Didymocarpus tribounii Nangngam & D.J.Middleton. Full descriptions, distributions, ecology, phenology and colour plates are provided for all taxa.
🔴DidymocarpusbrevicalyxNangngam & D.J.Middleton
หินสามวาฬ 14/08/25
Didymocarpus brevicalyx Nangngam & D.J. Middleton, sp. nov. Didymocarpus brevicalyx is similar to D. wattianus Craib in the corolla shape and colour but differs in corolla size (c. 4.5 cm long in D. brevicalyx, 6–7 cm long in D. wattianus) and in having a very short calyx tube which is only 3 mm long (1.9 cm long in D. wattianus).− Type: Thailand, Sakon Nakhon, Huai Wian Phrai, Phu Phan National Park, 340 m, 1 Aug. 1999, M. Newman 952 (holotype e!). Fig. 1A.
abruptly at c. 1.5 cm from the base, widest at throat, diameter c. 8 mm; anterior (lower) lip 3-lobed, lobes orbicular, c. 7 x 7 mm, more or less equal, apices rounded; posterior (upper) lip 2-lobed, lobes orbicular, c. 5 x 5 mm, apices rounded. Fertile sta- mens inserted c. 2.2 cm from the base of the corolla; filaments slender, glabrous, 7 mm long, vesicular hairs on the connective; anthers oblong, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, tips and bases rounded, white-bearded; stami- nodes 3, reduced to filaments, c. 3–5 mm long, glabrous, tips with few multicellular glandular hairs. Disc cupular, c. 1 mm long, margin irregular. Ovary cylindric, c. 3 cm long, densely covered with multicellular glandular hairs; stigma peltate, concave, papillose. Capsules unknown.
Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Sakon Nakhon [Huai Wian Phrai, Phu Phan National Park, 340 m, 1 Aug. 1999, M. Newman 952 (holotype e!); Phu Phan Ratchaniwet Palace, 17 ̊10′N 104 ̊09′E, 11 Dec. 1980,
Annual, epilithic herb, 8–12 cm tall. Stem erect, reddish near nodes, densely covered with multicellular glandular hairs and scattered pigment glands. Dry season plants unknown. Rainy season leaves opposite, anisophyllous; petioles terete, 2–4 cm long, pairs unequal, light green, covered with hairs as on leaf blades; blades asymmetrically
🔴Didymocarpus formosusNangngam & D.J.Middleton
🔴Didymocarpus kasinii
Nangngam & D.J.Middleton
🔴Didymocarpus pauciflorusNangngam & D.J.Middleton
กระดิ่งดอกเล็ก
พืชอิงอาศัยหายากจากป่าดิบเขาอุ้มผาง
พืชอิงอาศัยบนเปลือกต้นไม้ใหญ่ ลำต้นสั้น ใบเรียงตรงข้าม 2-3 คู่ ใบที่อยู่ตรงข้ามกันมักมีขนาดไม่เท่ากัน พบบ้างที่เรียงเป็นวงรอบ 3 ใบ ที่โคนต้น ช่อดอกออกที่ปลายยอด มีดอกจำนวนน้อย (pauciflorus = few-flowered inflorescence) ดอกสีชมพูอ่อน แฉกกลีบดอก 3 กลีบล่าง มีเส้นสีแดงกลางแฉกกลีบด้านใน กระดิ่งดอกเล็กเป็นพรรณไม้ถิ่นเดียวของไทย (endemic) พรรณไม้ต้นแบบ D. J. Middleton, P. Karaket, S. Suddee & P. Triboun 5272 เก็บจากอุทยานแห่งชาติเขาแหลม กาญจนบุรี
ทีมสำรวจพรรณไม้อุ้มผาง
เอกสารอ้างอิง:
Nangngam, P. & Middleton, D. J. 2014. Five new species of Didymocarpus (Gesneriaceae) from Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 42: 35–42.
ตัวอย่างต้นแบบ Unknown collector 93 เป็นตัวอย่างที่ได้จากการเพาะเมล็ดที่ส่งไปที่แอเบอร์ดีนโดยหมอคาร์ ซึ่งออกดอกในเดือนตุลาคม ปี 1925 โดยในเอกสารตีพิมพ์ครังแรกได้ระบุไว้ว่า plant from Thailand cultivated in Aberdeen from seeds received from Dr. A.F.G. Kerr which flowered in Aberdeen in October 1925 ในอดีตมีพรรณไม้หลายชนิดที่ถูกตีพิมพ์เป็นชนิดใหม่จากต้นที่ได้จากการเพาะเมล็ด บางครั้งไม่ได้เก็บเมล็ดมาโดยตรงจากต้นนั้น ๆ แต่เมล็ดได้ติดมากับต้นอื่น ๆ ที่นำมาปลูกลงกระถาง เมื่อต้นไม้โตขึ้นนักพฤกษศาสตร์ก็ไม่ได้ถอนทิ้ง ปล่อยให้เจริญเติบโต ออกดอก ออกผล จนทราบว่าเป็นชนิดใหม่ มีหลายชนิดได้จากกระถางต้นไม้ของหมอคาร์
Henckelia species are found in Thailand, particularly in northern Thailand. Five new species, including H. amplexifolia, H. nakianensis, and H. dasycalyx, were described from Thailand, with H. dasycalyx being from Northern Thailand. The genus as a whole is found in various regions, including Sri Lanka, southern and northeastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, southern China, northern Laos, northern Vietnam, and northern Thailand.
Henckelia nakianensis Sirim., J. Parn. & Hodk.: A-B. Habit; C. Upper leaf surface; D. Lower leaf surface; E. Inflorescence; F-G. Flowers; H. Gynoecium; I. Anthers; J. Fruits. Photographs: A-B., E. & G. by Wittaya Pongamornkul; C-D., F. & H-J. by Sukontip Sirimongkol.
เศวตบาลา
🔵Henckelia crinita (Jack) Spreng.
แตรบาลา
🔵Henckelia filicalyx B.L.Burtt
ไอกระดิง
🔵Henckelia inaequalis (Ridl.) A.Weber
ล้านเต่า สาวบาลา
🔵Henckelia platypus (C.B.Clarke) A.Weber
จรกา
🔵Henckelia reptans (Jack) Spreng.
ม่วงบาลา
🔵Henckelia rugosa (Ridl.) A.Weber
Aeschynanthus ไก่แดง
Aeschynanthus is a genus of about 150 species of evergreensubtropical and tropicalplants in the family Gesneriaceae. They are usually trailing epiphytes with brightly colored flowers that are pollinated by sunbirds. The genus name comes from a contraction of aischuno (to be ashamed) and anthos (flower).[2] The common name for some species is lipstick plant, which comes from the appearance of the developing buds emerging from the calyces. A full list of the accepted species and their synonyms can be found in the Smithsonian Institution's World Checklist of Gesneriaceae.
พิศชมพู ชมพูพัชราภา
🟣Aeschynanthus gracilis C. S. P. Parish ex C. B. Clarke
Epiphytic with hanging stems, most parts villose; leaves to 3.5 cm long; inflorescence 1-flowered; calyx lobes free to base; corolla pink, 2–3 cm long; lower lobe 0.5–1 cm, recurved; anterior filaments ca 2 cm long; style sparsely glandular pubescent; capsule 9–15 cm; seeds ca 1 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, ca 2 cm long.
Dist. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Banghladesh, S China, Myanmar, N Vietnam and SW Thailand (Kanchanaburi), in mixed deciduous and dry evergreen forests, to 200 m.
กาฝากก่อตาหมู
🟣Aeschynanthus mannii Kurz
Location : Lurh tlang, Mizoram near Myanmar border
ไก่กุ่น
🟣Aeschynanthus fecundus P.Woods
Epiphytic shrub, glabrous; leaves 2–8.5 cm long; inflorescencesessile, 1–2-flowered; calyx lobes free to base, lobes narrow; corolla green-yellow below, darker at apex, lobes red to red-brown, 1.5–2 cm long, tufted pubescent inside at base, lateral lobes not recurved, lower lobe 1.3–2.3 mm; anterior filaments 0.8–1 cm long; style sparsely glandular pubescent; capsule 3.5–11 cm; seeds 2–2.5 mm; apical appendage 1, 2–2.8 mm long; hilar appendages 11–18, 1.2–1.5 cm long
Dist. Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (Ranong) in evergreen forest at low altitudes.
ไก่เขา
🟣Aeschynanthus superbus C. B. Clarke
The native range of this species is Bhutan to China (W. & SE. Yunnan) and Indo-China. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic chamaephyte and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
Epiphytic shrub, glabrous; leaves 3.5–13 cm long; inflorescence2–5-flowered, peduncle 0.8–4.5 cm; calyx lobes free to base, recurved; corolla green-yellow, 1.5–2.5 cm long, glandular hairs inside at base, lateral lobes recurved, lower lobe 5–9 mm, recurved; anterior filaments 2.5–4 cm long; style glabrous; capsule 10–22 cm; seeds 0.7–1.4 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, ca 3 mm long.
Dist. India, S China, Taiwan, Myanmar and Vietnam. In Thailand recorded from northern, northeastern, southwesternาง and upper peninsular in dry evergreen and evergreen forest, 100–1,300 m.
เอื้องหงอนไก่
🟣Aeschynanthus fulgens Wall. ex R. Br.
Epiphytic shrub, globrous; leaves 4–17 cm long; inflorescence sessile,up to 16 flowers;calyx lobes united, variable; corolla red-orange, 4–7 cm long, outside pubescent, inside sparsely pubescent, lower lobe 0.5–1.4 cm, recurved; anterior filaments 2.5–5 cm long; style glabrous to glandular pubescent; capsule 16–42 cm; seeds 0.8–2 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, apiclal one 1.5–2.5 mm long, hilar appendage 1.4–3.5 cm long.
Dist. Myanmar, S China, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia and most parts of Thailand in dry evergreen, montane and evergreen forests, to 1,350 m.
แม่วงศ์ ช่องเย็น สค.25
🟣Aeschynanthus garrettii Craib
Epiphytic shrub, glabrous with papery ridges, more or less purple; leaves to 7 cm long; inflorescencesessile, 1-flowered; calyx lobes free to base, lobes oblong to linear; corolla red-orange, 3–4 cm long, glandular pubescent inside at base; lower lobe 5.5–7.5 mm, recurved; anterior filaments 2.7–3 cm long; style glabrous; capsule 6.5–11.5 cm; seeds 1–1.3 mm, with 1 short and stout appendage hair at both ends, ca 1 mm long.
Dist. Endemic to Thailand, known only from Chiang Mai in montane forest, Hala Bala 1,500–2,500 m.
🟣Aeschynanthus humilis Hemsl.
Aeschynanthus humilis Hemsl. Epiphytic, sparsely pubescent on most parts; leaves 1–5 cm long;inflorescence 1–4-flowered;calyx lobes united at base; corolla red, 1.5–2.8 cm long; lower lobe 2.5–6.5 mm, slightly spreading; anterior filaments 2.2–2.5 cm long;style sparsely glandular pubescent; capsule 3.7–11 cm; seeds 1.6–2.3 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, ca 1.4 cm long.
Dist. S China and Laos, in Thailand recorded from Nan, Phitsanulok and Loei, in Montain forest, 1,000–1,650 m.
ย่านไก่แดง
🟣Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G. Don
Epiphytic shrub, pendulose, glabrous; leaves 2.2–12 cm long; inflorescence sessile, 1-flowered, often paired; calyx lobes free tobase, lobes narrow; corolla red-orange with dark lines above, pubescent, 2–3.2 cm long; lower lobe 2.7–6 mm, not spreading or recurved; anterior filaments 2–3 cm long; style glandular pubescent; capsule 19–25 cm; seeds 1–1.5 mm, warty; apical appendage hair 1, 1–3.8 cm long, hilar appendages 2, 1.5–3 cm long.
Dist. S China and Myanmar, in Thailand recorded from Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Lampang and Khao Yai, in montane forest, Hala bala to 2,100 m.
ไก่ย่าน
🟣Aeschynanthus longiflorus (Blume) A. DC.
Epiphytic shrub, glabrous; leaves 3.7–17.5 cm long; inflorescence sessile, 2–5-flowered; bracteoles linear; calyx lobes free to base; lobes narrow, to 2 cm long; corolla red, cream inside, 4–9 cm long; lower lobe 6–12 mm, snot spreading or recurved; anterior filaments 3–5 cm long; style glandular pubescent to papillose or sparsely; capsule 20–57 cm; seeds 1–1.8 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, 1.5–2.4 cm long.
Dist. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and peninsular Thailand (Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Yala), in evergreen forest, 200–1,000 m.
นมเมียหิน มะดาอาปี
🟣Aeschynanthus longicaulis Wall. ex R. Br.
Epiphytic shrub, pendulose, glabrous; leaves 6.5–12 cm long with marbled paler venation; inflorescence sessile, 1–3-flowered; calyx lobes free tobase; corolla yellow-green with with flushes of orange, purple or brown, 2–3 cm long, with tufted hairs inside near base; lower lobe 2.5–5.8 mm, not spreading or recurved; anterior filaments 2.3–2.7 cm long; style glandular pubescent; capsule 6–37 cm; seeds 1.6–2.2 mm; apical appendage hair 1, ca 2.23 cm long, hilar appendages several, 1–2.5 cm long.
ฮาลา บาลา
Dist. Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, SW and peninsular Thailand, in dry evergreen and evergreen forests, to ca 900 m.
🟣Aeschynanthus membranifolius (Costantin) D. J. Middleton
Epiphytic shrub, pendulose, glabrous; leaves 3–12 cm long, pale green to reddish-green beneath, marbles; inflorescence sesile 1-flowered; calyx lobes united at base, lobes narrow; corolla yellow-green with red stripes in tube, tufted inside near to base, 2.5–3 cm long; lower lobe 3–5 mm, not spreading or recurved; anterior filaments 2–2.8 cm long; style glandular pubescent; capsule 18–22 cm; seeds ca 1.8 mm, warty, apical appendage hair 1, ca 1 cm long; hilar appendages ca 30, ca 2 cm long, appendages papillose.
Dist. Lower Laos, S Vietnam and SE Thailand (Sa Kaeo, Rayong, Chon Buri), in evergreen forest, 100–1,500 m.
🟣Aeschynanthus minutifolius D. J. Middleton
Epiphytic shrub, stem creeping with roots, sparsely puberulent; leaves thin, 1–4 cm long, apex rounded; inflorescence sesile 1-flowered; calyx lobes free to base, lobes narrow; flowers ca 2.5 cm long; lower lobe ca 7.5 mm, recurved, densely puberulent outside; anterior filaments ca 2 cm long; style glabrous; capsule not seen.
Dist. Endemic to Thailand, once recorded from Tak.
🟣Aeschynanthus parviflorus (D. Don) Spreng.
Epiphytic shrub, pendulose, glabrous; leaves 3.5–20 cm long; inflorescence sesile, 1–7-flowered, bracteoles linear; calyx lobes united up to the middle, lobes narrow, 2–8.5 mm long; corolla red-orange, reddish hairy, with dark lines inside, 2.5–3.8 cm long; lower lobe 3.5–6.5 mm, not spreading or recurved; anterior filaments 1.7–3 cm long; style glabrous to glandular pubescent; capsule 16–38 cm; seeds 0.7–1.3 mm, sparsely warty, apical appendage hair 1, 1–3.5 cm long; hilar appendages 2, 1–2.7 cm long, appendages papillose.
Dist. India, Nepal, Bhutan, S China, Myanmar and most parts of Thailand except in the northeast, in dry evergreen and montane forests, 650–2,100 m.
🟣Aeschynanthus persimilis Craib
Epiphytic shrub, sparsely to densely pubescent; leaves 0.7–5.3 cm long; inflorescence subsessile, 1–10-flowered; bracteoles linear; calyx lobes united near to base; lobes narrow, 1.5–3 cm long; corolla red-orange with dark lines inside, 2.4–3.8 cm long; lower lobe 3.5–6 mm, not spreading or recurved; anterior filaments 2.6–3.4 cm long; style glabrous or sparsely glandular pubescent; capsule 4–10.5 cm; seeds 1.6–2 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, apical one 1.9–2.3 cm long; a hilar appendage 1.2–2 cm long, appendages papillose.
Dist. Endemic to N Thailand, in pine forest to 2,000 m.
🟣Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G. Don
Epiphytic shrub, stem rooting, glabrous to sparsely pubescent; leaves 1–6 cm long, often purple; inflorescence sessile or with peduncle to 1 cm, 1–2-flowered; calyx lobes united near to apex, 1–3 cm long, shortly lobes or nearly truncate apex; corolla red-orange, pubescent outside, 4–6.5 cm long; lower lobe 3.5–6 mm, spreading or not; anterior filaments 3–4.5 cm long; style densely pubescent; capsule 20–40 cm; seeds 0.6–1 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, apical one 7–8 mm long; a hilar appendage 6–9 cm long.
Dist. Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and lower peninsular Thailand (Yala, Pattani, Narathiwat), in evergreen and montane forests, to 2,000 m.
หงอนไก่แดง
🟣Aeschynanthus rhododendron Ridl.
Hala bala
Epiphytic shrub, erect, glabrous; leaves 2–13 cm long; inflorescence sessile, 1–2-flowered; bracteoles linear; calyx lobes united above the middle, 1.5–6.5 cm long; corolla red, with dark pathches inside, 5.4–10 cm long; lower lobe 1–2 cm, spreading or recurved; stamens included, anterior filaments 3.2–4 cm long; style glabrous; capsule 10–22 cm; seeds 0.8–1.5 mm, with 1 short and stout appendage hair at both ends, ca 1 mm long.
Dist. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and lower peninsular Thailand (Yala), in montane forest, 1,400–1,550 m.
ไก่เรียว
🟣Aeschynanthus lineatus Craib
ทิ้งทองหู ทิ้งทองหู,นมเมีย
🟣Aeschynanthus radicans Jack
Epiphytic shrub, sparsely pubescent; leaves broad elliptic, 1–5 cm long, pubescent beneath; inflorescence sessile or peduncle short, mostly 1-flowered or to 3-flowered; calyx lobes united above the middle, 1.3–2 cm long; corolla red, with yellow pathches inside, pubescent, 4.7–5.8 cm long; lower lobe 7–10 mm, slightly spreading or not; anterior filaments 2.2–2.4 cm long; style densely puberulent; capsule 19–35 cm; seeds 0.8–0.9 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, apical one 7–8 mm long; a hilar appendage 6–8 cm long.
Dist. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and peninsular Thailand, in evergreen forest, 100–900 m.
ลูกไก่
🟣Aeschynanthus hosseusii Pellegr.
Epiphytic shrub, pendulose, glabrous; leaves 3.5–17 cm long; inflorescence sessile, 1–5-flowered; calyx lobes united at base; corolla red with dark lines, 5.2–6.2 cm long; lower lobe 6.5–11 mm, not recurved; anterior filaments ca 3 cm long; style glandular pubescent; capsule 25–50 cm; seeds ca 1 mm, apical appendage hair 1, 1.4–2.3 cm long, hilar appendages 2, 1.3–2.2 cm long.
Dist. Endemic to N Thailand, recorded from Chiang Mai, Lampang, Tak and Phitsanulok, in dry evergreen and montane forests, 800–1,700 m.
ว่านไก่แดง
🟣Aeschynanthus andersonii C. B. Clarke
Aeschynanthus andersonii C. B. Clarke ว่านไก่แดง
Epiphytic shrub, pubescent; leaves 0.5–4 cm long; inflorescence1–7-flowered, peduncle 0.8–1 cm; calyx lobes free to base; corolla red-orange, 1.8–2.5 cm long, pubescent inside at base,lateral lobes recurved, lower lobe 7–8 mm; anterior filaments 1.2–2.4 cm long; style glandular pubescent; capsule 3.8–10 cm; seeds 1.5–2 mm, with 1 appendage hair at both ends, 1.5–2.5 mm long.
Dist. Myanmar, S China and northern Thailand (Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son) in montane forest, 1,400–1,900 m.
ว่านไก่โต้ง
🟣Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook.
Epiphytic shrub, pendulose, glabrous; leaves in whorls of 3–6, 3.8–15 cm long; inflorescence sessile, 1–4-flowered; calyx lobes free to base, 6–2.3 cm long; corolla red-orange, with dark lines inside, 5.5–12 cm long; lower lobe 0.7–1.5 cm, spreading; anterior filaments to 4 cm long; style glandular pubescent; capsule 20–45 cm; seeds 0.9–1.3 mm, warty; with 1 appendage hair at both ends, 1.5–2.2 mm long.
Dist. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and peninsular Thailand (Trang, Pattani, Narathiwat), open areas to 1,200 m.
🟣Aeschynanthus superbus C. B. Clarke
Epiphytic shrub, pendulose, glabrous; leaves 8–22 cm long; inflorescence, 5–15-flowered, peduncle 1–4 cm; calyx lobes free to base, 1.4–4 cm long; corolla red, with dark lines,5.5–8.5 cm long; lower lobe 1–1.6 cm, spreading and recurved; anterior filaments 3.7–4 cm long; style glandular pubescent; capsule 32–50 cm; seeds 0.8–1 mm, warty; with 1 appendage hair at both ends, 4.5–7.5 mm long.
Dist. India, Bhutan, S China, upper Myanmar and N Thailand (Chiang Mai, Nan), in montane forest, 900–1,700 m.
The genus name of Kaisupeea is in honour of Supee Saksuwan Larsen (b. 1939) and her husband Kai Larsen (1926–2012), a Danish botanist. it was first described and published in Nordic J. Bot. Vol.21 on page 116 in 2001.
The native range of this species is Myanmar. It grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.
🔴Kaisupeea cyanea B. L. Burtt
แก้วไกรลาศดอกม่วง
🔴Kaisupeea sp.
แก้วไกรลาสดอกม่วง Kaisupeea sp. (Gesneriaceae) พืชวงศ์ชาฤๅษีขึ้นบนหินปูน ป่าดิบชื้นพังงา ชื่อสกุลตั้งเพื่อเป็นเกียรติแก่ Prof. Kai Larsen และภรรยาชาวไทย อาจารย์ Supee Saksuwan Larsen ซึ่งท่านทั้งสองได้ทำการศึกษาและตีพิมพ์ผลงานเกี่ยวกับพรรณไม้ไทยเป็นจำนวนมาก Prof. Kai Larsen ยังเป็นอีกผู้หนึ่งที่ร่วมก่อตั้งโครงการพรรณพฤกษชาติประเทศไทย (Flora of Thailand)
: ทีมสำรวจพรรณไม้ภาคใต้l
🔴Kaisupeea orthocarpa B. L. Burtt
แก้วไกรลาศน้อย
Petrocosmea
Petrocosmea is a genus of the family Gesneriaceae, the African violet family. Many of the species within this genus are endemic to high-elevation areas in Western China,[2]although some are native to other parts of Asia. including north-central and southern China, Indochina, and the eastern Himalayas.It is a rosette-forming genus that generally grows on wet mossy rocks or forests.
The genus name of Somrania is in honour of Somran Suddee (fl. 1998),a Thai plant collector and botanist who worked at the Forest Herbarium inBangkokin Thailand.It was first described and published in Thai Forest Bull., Bot. Vol.40 on page 10 in 2012.
Middleton, D.J. and Triboun, P. (2012). Somrania, a new genus of Gesneriaceae from Thailand. Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 40: 9-13. 2012.
🟠Somrania flavida D. J. Middleton & Triboun
ปรัศว์สมราน
A new species ofSomrania(Gesneriaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Middleton, David J.; Triboun, Pramote
Publication: Gardens' Bulletin Singapore
Year: 2013
Genera: Somrania
Abstract
The new species Somrania flavida D.J.Middleton & Triboun, from Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani Province, Thailand, is described. It is the third species in this genus which is restricted to karst limestone habitats in Thailand. A key to the species of Somrania is provided.
Its native range is Thailand to western Malesia. It is found in Borneo, Malaya and Thailand.[1]
The genus name of Ridleyandra is in honour of Henry Nicholas Ridley (1855–1956), an English botanist, geologist and naturalist who lived much of his life in Singapore. He was instrumental in promoting rubber trees in the Malay Peninsula.[2] It was first described and published in Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen Vol.70 on page 171 (written in 1997–1998) publ. 1998
🟣Ridleyandra flammea (Ridl.) A. Weber
แดงสุริยา
ภาพจากหนังสือ "พรรณไม้ในป่าฮาลา-บาลา"
🟣Ridleyandra latisepala (Ridl.) A.Weber
ปรกธรณี
Hala bala
Tetraphyllum
Tetraphyllum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. As of April 2021, there was no consensus as to whether the correct scientific name for the genus is Tetraphyllum or Tetraphylloides, some sources using the former and some the latter.
Description: Terrestrial, perrenial herbs with (lignescent?) monocarpic stem(s). Stem erect, caulescent, with tawny villose indumentum, bearing a tetramerous (pseudo-) whorl or a leaf pair at the top, and pairs of scale leaves (in some species with axillary inflorescences) along the stem. Leaves petiolate or (sub)sessile, ovate or lanceolate, partly unequal-sided. Cymes axillary, condensed, flowers nearly sessile; bracteoles small. Sepals 5, almost free to base. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, limb bilabiate to subregular, lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, or 2, filaments emerging near corolla base, anthers coherent at the tips, opening by longitudinal slits. Nectary much reduced. Ovary ovoid, style slender, stigma obscurely bilobed. Capsule splitting loculicidally and septicidally into 4 valves, leaving the two main ribs united to the style and 4 papery enrolled placentae.
Tetraphylloides, a new replacement name for Tetraphyllum C.B.Clarke (Gesneriaceae) non Tetraphyllum Hosius & von der Marck (fossil Magnoliophyta)
Perennial herb with four simple leaves arranged oppositely and alternately at right angles, spreading out in the same plane at the tip of the stem, covering almost the ground surface.Broadly ovate, obovate, or elliptic-ovate. Inflorescences are compound panicles, borne at the tip of the shoot, close together. Flowers are pink. Fruits are dry, dehiscent, narrowly cylindrical, with persistent, enlarged sepals surrounding the base. Seeds are small and numerous.
Patrick Blanc observing a flowering individual of Tetraphyllum roseum on verical earth bank, Khao Sok NP, Thailand, June 2019
The best-known species, Sinningia speciosa, was originally introduced in cultivation as Gloxinia speciosa and is still commonly known to gardeners and in the horticultural trade as "gloxinia", although this is now considered incorrect. The true genus Gloxinia is distinguished by having scaly rhizomes rather than tubers.
The species can be difficult to identify because they are highly polymorphic and because they readily hybridize with each other.The plants may be small herbs, vines, shrubs, epiphytes, or trees. The genus is characterized in part by having two stamens, and most species have white flowers, with a few red-, orange-, yellow-, and pink-flowered species known. Almost all species live in rainforesthabitats.
Hala Bala
🟤Cyrtandra pilipes A. Camus
ดอกหางแรด หญ้ายูง
🟤 Cyrtandra gimlettei Ridl.
ดาดกำไล ผักนมกำไล โหมหินใบมน
THAILAND. Trang, Khao Soi Dao, 27 iv 1930, Kerr 19155 (BM); Phangnya, Takua Pa, 17 ii 1929, Kerr 17122 (BM); Phangnya, Khao Katakwam?, 400m, 7 iii 1930, Kerr 18410 (BM); Naratiwat, Sungei Kolok, Nikom Waeng, 1 iii 1974, Larsen & Larsen KL32786 (E).
Found only in the northern states of Peninsular Malaysia extending into southern Thailand. Its closest relative is C. wallichii s.1. Cyrtandra gimlettei can be recognized by its smaller stature, less distinctively serrate leaf margins, and the indumentum of the lamina, which is much shorter, erecter and denser than that of C. wallichii. In addition, it has smaller white flowers with purple bars and blotching in the throat; C. wallichii has small purple dots towards the mouth of the corolla. It might be confused with C. wallichii group 2 (‘pilosa’), but it is hairier, and the flower markings are distinct.
Ecology. In hill forest, 800–1000m, often in muddy wet places and by rocky streams. Distribution. West Peninsular Malaysia and the far south of Thailand
Ecology. Common in primary, often slightly disturbed, lowland and hill forest; 0–1000(–1500)m.
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand
ภูเขาทอง Hala Bala 05/08/25
Material of C. wallichii was originally determined as C. pilosa Blume by Ridley, and is still generally referred to as C. pilosa in the Malaysian literature. However, Burtt (1970, 1978) noted that true C. pilosa, from Java, is a different species, ‘the stem of the Javanese plant being more slender, the internodes longer, and the bracts of the inflorescence smaller than in most material in the Malay Peninsula’. Clarke (1883) had earlier recognized Peninsular Malaysian material as C. decurrens var. wallichii. Although C. decurrens is related, it is different from the Peninsular Malaysian species. Cyrtandra decurrens is smaller and differs in having a very densely long pilose style (Burtt, 1978). Ridley (1909) also described a C. grandiflora, but this is a homonym of C. grandiflora Gaudich.; Burtt (1978) therefore raised Clarke’s var. wallichii to species rank, and reduced C. pilosa (auct. non Blume), C. decurrens var. wallichii, and C. grandiflora Ridl. to synonymy.
The description given here is based on the majority of specimens relating to Ridley’s C. grandiflora in their utricular bracts and broad corolla (group 1). However, there is considerable variation in the leaf shape, degree of lamina decurrence and hairiness. There are specimens more similar to Ridley’s description of C. pilosa; these are usually smaller and more slender than C. grandiflora Ridl. and do not have utricular bracts. These specimens are cited here under ‘pilosa’ (group 2), but are mostly sterile and do not provide sufficient evidence to split C. wallichii. Therefore, C. wallichii remains a large and variable species until more thorough fieldwork can be carried out.
In his notes on C. wallichii, Burtt (1978) described the style as glabrous apart from a few scattered hairs towards the top. In all material we examined, the style is covered with glandular hairs, and the ovary topped with a collar of eglandular hairs. Burtt (1978) affiliates C. wallichii to a Bornean group of species including C. erectipila B.L. Burtt and C. cuprea B.L. Burtt.
🟤Cyrtandra pendula Blume
ผักโหมหิน
Ecology. Common, mainly in lowland forest, often in marshy places and along streams, 0–800m.
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), southern Thailand
Cyrtandra pendula Blume. A, calyx dissected ventrally, outer surface; B, calyx dissected ventrally, inner surface; C, corolla dissected dorsally, showing stamens; D, gynoecium and disk. Drawn from Bramley et al. GB37.
เทรล น้ำตกกรุงชิง 28/07/25
SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah, 1908, Ridley s.n. (BM); Bukit Timah, vi 1889, Ridley 67 (K).
THAILAND. Narathiwat, Waeng, 250m, 22 ix 1965, GP & TS 1209 [31530] (L); Phangnya, Khao Tala, 50m, 4 ii 1927, Kerr 11819 (BM); Pattani, Bannang Sata, 100m, 29 vii 1928, Kerr 7342 (BM).
Common throughout the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java, and easily recognized by its glossy, green, long-petiolate leaves, sometimes attractively marked with white, and its inflorescences that trail, sometimes almost to the ground, on long peduncles. Cyrtandra pendula is a very variable species; because this variation is continuous among the 77 specimens examined it has not been possible to divide them into groups, as done for C. cupulata and C. wallichii. Lamina shape is particularly variable; most specimens have an ovate or narrow ovate lamina with a more or less rounded base, but the lamina can also be more elliptic with a cuneate base (Samsuri SA1043, SING), cordate (Burkill SFN13913, SING), or broadly ovate (almost round) with a rounded base (GP & TS 1209 [31530], L). Specimens also occur with different leaf bases on the same plant, for example Best 13857 (SING). Peduncle length is also variable and probably extends in fruit. There seems to be no correlation between peduncle length, shape of lamina and geography.
Ridley (1910) described C. rotundifolia, which he thought to be a close ally of C. pendula, differing in its rounder leaves and greater hairiness. Although specimens with rounder leaves do exist, there is no particular difference in hairiness, and they are found alongside more typical specimens. Cyrtandra rotundifolia is therefore not distinct and is here reduced to synonymy.
Cyrtandra pendula is one of the few species in the genus with a distribution spanning different islands. A detailed study throughout its range may identify some congruence between morphology and geography (Burtt, 2001).
Damrongia is a genus of flowering plants in the Gesneriad family, centered in Thailand and found in southern China, Southeast Asia, and Sumatra. Species were reassigned to it in 2016 in a revision of Loxocarpinae.
Nematanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. All of its species are endemic to Brazil.Compared to other gesneriads, Nematanthus has leaves that are small, succulent, and hard-surfaced. The plant has a trailing, branching, and spreading habit; it is generally an epiphyte in nature and a hanging-basket plant in cultivation. The flower has fused petals. In some species, the flower has a "pouch" at the bottom. The fancied resemblance of such flowers to a goldfish gives these plants the common name goldfish plant or guppy plant.
Chrysothemis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It includes nine species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from southern Mexico and Cuba through Central America and northern South America to central Brazi
Chrysothemis pulchella (Donn ex Sims) Decne
ระฆังทอง
Monophyllaea
Monophyllaea is a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae.All the species only have one leaf.
Monophyllaea species are perennial or annual monocarpic herbs (they flower once and then die). The (usually) single stem is fleshy, and most often bears a large single leaf. This is a “macrocotyledon”, the enlarged form of one of the two original cotyledons emerging from the seed. Some species are occasionally caulescent with 3-4 leaves. It is distributed widely in Malesia (from Sumatra to New Guinea and from S. Thailand and Luzon to Java), and grows predominantly on limestone rocks, in shady forests, at cave entrances and below rocks.
With regard to its unifoliate habit (the macrocotyledon reaching a length of 1m in some species) and inflorescence architecture, Monophyllaea is one of the most peculiar genera of Gesneriaceae. Of particular interest is M. singularis(Borneo), with the flowers emerging from the stem, technically the “hypocotyl”, and the midrib of the single leaf/macrocotyldedon (Weber 1987, 1990, Imaichi & al. 2001). In three species (M. caulescens, M. ramosa and M. elongata), several leaves are produced which copy the macrocotyledon in size and shape.
Stauranthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Bangladesh, the Nicobar Islands, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, south-central and southeast China (including Hainan), Southeast Asia, and Malesia to New Guinea. It is very close morphologically and genetically to Loxonia.
Perennial or annual monocarpic herbs. Stem fleshy-succulent, branched or not. Leaves opposite, strongly anisophyllous, the large leaves with short or long petiole, lamina strongly asymmetrical, elliptic to ovate, base strongly unequal-sided, apex acute-acuminate or blunt; sparsely hairy, lower side usually pubescent; the small leaves reduced to a tiny cordi- or reniform auricle. Inflorescence terminal, an alternicladic thyrse with pair- or single-flowered cymes or solitary flowers emerging from small bracts; bracteoles lacking; flowers pedicellate. Sepals in the lower part with conspicuous plications at the sinuses. Corolla 5-merous, either rotate-widely campanulate, ecalcarate, or zygomorphic and spurred at the base, blue or white, sometimes with a yellow blotch at the palate. Stamens 4, all anthers coherent and forming a cross-like figure. Nectary absent. Ovary globose or ovoid, style short, stigma large-capitate or bilamellate. Capsule globose, irregularly falling into pieces in the upper half. Seeds small, blackish-brown, reticulate.
Codonoboea appressipilosa (B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 70: 388 (2013); Smitinand, Thai plant names 147 (2014). – Henckelia appressipilosa B.L.Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 98 (2001). – TYPE: Thailand, Narathiwat, Sungai Kolok, Nikhom Waeng, 2 March 1974, Larsen & Larsen 32803 (holotype AAU). 
Herb (or subshrub?) with woody base; stems densely appressed pubescent. Leaves alternate, spaced along stem to clustered at apex; petioles not easily distinguished from laminas due to being winged, 1–6 cm long, wings 3–11 mm wide, often widest at base of petiole where they are also often very laciniate and up to 20 mm wide; laminas elliptic to obovate, 11–21 × 3.7–7 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margin denticulate, becoming serrate towards base and on petiole wings, 14–33 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation anastomosing between secondary veins, midrib and veins flush with lamina or very slightly raised above, above with appressed hairs so dense that lamina surface not or barely visible beneath hair covering, beneath same but slightly less dense. Inflorescences 1–3-flowered, often several arising from a single axil, c. 7.5 cm long; peduncle/pedicel c. 3 cm long, densely covered in a mixture of gland-tipped and eglandular hairs. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 4–5.6 × 0.6–1.7 mm, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white with two yellow lines in throat, c. 47 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse gland-tipped hairs throughout, inside with small gland-tipped hairs at base of upper lobes, papillose in two rows in line with sinuses on lower lip almost to insertion of stamens in tube; tube to sinus between upper and lower lips c. 38 mm long; upper lip c. 8 mm long, lobes c. 5.5 × 7.5 mm; lower lip c. 10 mm long, lateral lobes c. 6 × 7.5 mm, central lobe c. 8 × 7.5 mm. Stamens inserted at c. 26 mm from corolla base; filaments (immature) c. 5 mm long, apex prolonged slightly beyond insertion to anthers; anthers (immature) c. 0.7 × 2.5 mm; lateral staminodes c. 8.5 mm long. Nectary irregularly annular, c. 1.7 mm long, margin crenate. Pistil c. 40.5 mm long, densely covered in long gland-tipped hairs and fewer eglandular hairs throughout; ovary c. 20.5 mm long; style c. 20 mm long. Fruit 8–9.5 cm long, 2–3 mm wide.
ไม้ล้มลุกปีเดียว ลำต้นเดี่ยวตั้งตรง อวบน้ำและเปราะ ใบเดี่ยว เรียงตรงข้าม รูปรี รูปไข่ หรือรูปไข่กว้าง ช่อดอกคล้ายช่อกระจุกแยกแขนง ออกตามซอกใบของใบแรกจนถึงใบคู่บน ดอกสีเหลืองอมส้ม ภายในหลอดกลีบดอกด้านในก่อนถึงแฉกด้านล่างมีแต้มสีเหลืองเข้มอมส้ม ผลแบบผลแห้งแตก รูปทรง กระบอกแคบ ยาวเรียว ตรงหรือโค้งเล็กน้อย สีเขียวเมื่อแก่เปลี่ยนเป็นสีนํ้าตาลเข้ม เมล็ดขนาดเล็ก รูปกระสวย สีน้ำตาลเข้ม
THAILAND. Narathiwat, Waeng, 250m, 22 ix 1965, GP & TS 1209 [31530] (L); Phangnya, Khao Tala, 50m, 4 ii 1927, Kerr 11819 (BM); Pattani, Bannang Sata, 100m, 29 vii 1928, Kerr 7342 (BM).
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