Codonoboea
Codonoboea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It includes 129 species which range from Myanmar and Thailand through northern Malesia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Maluku) to New Guinea. Many of its species were formerly placed in the genus Henckelia
A revision of Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae: Didymocarpoideae) in Thailand
D.J. Middleton
Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore davidmiddletonsing@gmail.com
ABSTRACT. The genus Codonoboea Ridl. (Gesneriaceae: Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae: Didymocarpinae) is revised for Thailand. Thirteen species are recognised, one of which, Codonoboea poopathii D.J.Middleton, is new to science and three of which, C. dawnii (Kiew) Kiew, C. oreophila Kiew ex C.L.Lim and C. urticoides (A.Weber) Kiew, are new records for Thailand. Didymocarpus reptans Jack is neotypified; D. hispidus Ridl. var. selangorensis Ridl., D. inaequalis Ridl., D. rugosus Ridl. and D. urticifolius Ridl. are lectotypified; and D. hispidus Ridl.
นราธิวาส สุไหงโกลก
Habitat: Tropical rain forest, low altitudes.
Distribution: Pen Thailand: Narathiwat (Su Ngai Kolok, Waeng). Status: + VU
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| โต๊ะโมะ Hala Bala 05/07/25 |
Codonoboea appressipilosa (B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 70: 388 (2013); Smitinand, Thai plant names 147 (2014). – Henckelia appressipilosa B.L.Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 98 (2001). – TYPE: Thailand, Narathiwat, Sungai Kolok, Nikhom Waeng, 2 March 1974, Larsen & Larsen 32803 (holotype AAU). 
Herb (or subshrub?) with woody base; stems densely appressed pubescent. Leaves alternate, spaced along stem to clustered at apex; petioles not easily distinguished from laminas due to being winged, 1–6 cm long, wings 3–11 mm wide, often widest at base of petiole where they are also often very laciniate and up to 20 mm wide; laminas elliptic to obovate, 11–21 × 3.7–7 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margin denticulate, becoming serrate towards base and on petiole wings, 14–33 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation anastomosing between secondary veins, midrib and veins flush with lamina or very slightly raised above, above with appressed hairs so dense that lamina surface not or barely visible beneath hair covering, beneath same but slightly less dense. Inflorescences 1–3-flowered, often several arising from a single axil, c. 7.5 cm long; peduncle/pedicel c. 3 cm long, densely covered in a mixture of gland-tipped and eglandular hairs. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 4–5.6 × 0.6–1.7 mm, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white with two yellow lines in throat, c. 47 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse gland-tipped hairs throughout, inside with small gland-tipped hairs at base of upper lobes, papillose in two rows in line with sinuses on lower lip almost to insertion of stamens in tube; tube to sinus between upper and lower lips c. 38 mm long; upper lip c. 8 mm long, lobes c. 5.5 × 7.5 mm; lower lip c. 10 mm long, lateral lobes c. 6 × 7.5 mm, central lobe c. 8 × 7.5 mm. Stamens inserted at c. 26 mm from corolla base; filaments (immature) c. 5 mm long, apex prolonged slightly beyond insertion to anthers; anthers (immature) c. 0.7 × 2.5 mm; lateral staminodes c. 8.5 mm long. Nectary irregularly annular, c. 1.7 mm long, margin crenate. Pistil c. 40.5 mm long, densely covered in long gland-tipped hairs and fewer eglandular hairs throughout; ovary c. 20.5 mm long; style c. 20 mm long. Fruit 8–9.5 cm long, 2–3 mm wide.Distribution. Endemic to Thailand.
🔵Codonoboea dawnii (Kiew) Kiew
เบตง ยะลา Hala Bala ภูเขาทอง
🔵Codonoboea filicalyx (B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton
นิคมแว้ง นราธิวาส เบตง ยะลา Hala Bala ภูเขาทอง
🔵Codonoboea filicalyx (B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton
นิคมแว้ง นราธิวาส เบตง ยะลา Hala Bala ภูเขาทอง
Habitat: Tropical rain forest, 300–1,100 m.
Distribution: Pen Thailand: Yala, Narathiwat. Status: + VU
🔵Codonoboea hispida (Ridl.) Kiew
แก้วน้ำค้าง
เบตง ยะลา Hala Bala
🔵Codonoboea inaequalis (Ridl.) Kiew
คอหงษ์ หาดใหญ่
Decumbent or erect herb to 100 cm tall; stems densely covered in short acicular hairs and much longer eglandular uniseriate hairs. Leaves alternate, densely clustered towards stem apex, occasionally more widely spaced; petioles winged so not easily defined, 0.5–2 cm long, wing 2–8 mm on either side, reaching base or not, sometimes widest at base and more deeply serrate than lamina; laminas dark green above, paler green beneath, sometimes tinged purple, elliptic to obovate, (4.5–)9–27 × 4–6.5 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate to cuneate, margin serrate or doubly serrate, 11–25 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation anastomosing between secondary veins, midrib and veins flush with lamina or only very slightly raised or sunken above, above densely long pubescent with hairs with a bulbous base, beneath a mixture of dense short hairs along with dense much longer eglandular uniseriate hairs all over. Inflorescences 1–2-flowered, often several arising from a single leaf axil, 7–10 cm long, densely pubescent with a mix of long and short hairs; peduncle/ pedicel 2.5–5 cm long. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4 × 1.3–1.7 mm, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white to pale lilac, often white throughout except for lilac corolla lobe margins, with 2 yellow lines in throat, 31–55 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse short gland-tipped hairs throughout, denser towards lobes, inside with short-stalked glands at bases of lobes, denser and slightly larger at base of dorsal lobes, robust hairs in line with sinuses
🔵Codonoboea kolokensis (B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton
แว้ง นราธิวาส สุไหงโกลก
Habitat: Tropical rain forest, 200–500 m.
Distribution: Pen Thailand: Narathiwat (Su Ngai Kolok, Waeng). Status: + VU
🔵Codonoboea oreophila Kiew ex C.L.Lim
เบตง ยะลา
🔵Codonoboea platypus (C.B.Clarke) C.L.Lim
ส้านเต่า
นครศรีธรรมราช พัทลุง ตรัง ปัตตานี
Codonoboea platypus (C.B.Clarke) C.L.Lim, Gard. Bull. Singapore 62: 267 (2011); Smitinand, Thai plant names 147 (2014). – Didymocarpus platypus C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 94 (1883); Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 33: 120 (1900); Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 46 (1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74(4): 757 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Malay Pen. 2: 517 (1923); Barnett, Fl. Siam 3(3): 213 (1962), p.p.; Kiew, Malay Nat. J. 41: 220 (1987); Lindsay et al., Gard. Bull Singapore 74(suppl. 1): 372 (2022). – Henckelia platypus (C.B.Clarke) A.Weber, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 70: 352 (1998 [‘1997’]). – TYPE: [Peninsular Malaysia], Malacca [Melaka], Griffith 3825 (lectotype K [K000858232], designated by Kiew & Lim (2011)).
| ภูเขาทอง Hala Bala 04/08/25 |
Decumbent or erect herb to 100 cm tall; stems densely covered in short acicular hairs and much longer eglandular uniseriate hairs. Leaves alternate, densely clustered towards stem apex, occasionally more widely spaced; petioles winged so not easily defined, 0.5–2 cm long, wing 2–8 mm on either side, reaching base or not, sometimes widest at base and more deeply serrate than lamina; laminas dark green above, paler green beneath, sometimes tinged purple, elliptic to obovate, (4.5–)9–27 × 4–6.5 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate to cuneate, margin serrate or doubly serrate, 11–25 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation anastomosing between secondary veins, midrib and veins flush with lamina or only very slightly raised or sunken above, above densely long pubescent with hairs with a bulbous base, beneath a mixture of dense short hairs along with dense much longer eglandular uniseriate hairs all over. Inflorescences 1–2-flowered, often several arising from a single leaf axil, 7–10 cm long, densely pubescent with a mix of long and short hairs; peduncle/ pedicel 2.5–5 cm long. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4 × 1.3–1.7 mm, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white to pale lilac, often white throughout except for lilac corolla lobe margins, with 2 yellow lines in throat, 31–55 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse short gland-tipped hairs throughout, denser towards lobes, inside with short-stalked glands at bases of lobes, denser and slightly larger at base of dorsal lobes, robust hairs in line with sinuses
Distribution. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra.
Habitat and ecology. In shade or more open areas in wet or dry primary or secondary
evergreen forest at 30–1000 m.
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND: Nakhon Si Thammarat: Khiriwong, 400 m, 15 May 1968, Van Beusekom & Phengklai 759 (BKF, E, K, P); Khao Luang, 625 m, 3 Feb 1966, Hennipman 3827 (BKF, K, P); ibidem, 200 m, 21 Aug 1967, Iwatsuki et al. T-14520 (BKF); ibidem, 600 m, 7 Nov 1951, Smitinand 1045 (BKF, E); ibidem, 600 m, 7 Aug 1951, Smitinand 917 (BKF, E); Khao Luang, Middle elevation, 680 m, 18 Jan 1966, Tagawa et al. T-4638 (BKF, E); ibidem, 680 m, 19 Jan 1966, Tagawa et al. T-4661 (BKF). Phatthalung: Khao Soi Dao, 29 Apr 1930, Kerr 19230 (K). Trang: Khao Chong, 14 Apr 1928, Kerr 15196 (BM, K); ibidem, 15 Nov 1959, Smitinand & Abbe 6150 (BKF, K). Pattani: Bukit, 25 Jan 1931, Put 3638 (K); ibidem, 7 Jun 1930, Kiah 24252 (K, P, SING); Bulait, 100 m, 8 Jul 1923, Kerr 7115 (BM, K). Yala: Betong, Than Num Thip, trail behind Sa Ho Dam, 370 m, 21 Jul 2015, Poopath et al. 1258 (SING); Khao Pok Yok, 1000 m, 10 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42281 (BKF, P); Nikom Kua Long, 150 m, 23 Dec 1972, Santisuk 490 (BKF); Bannang Sata, Khuean Bang Lang, Churaphorn Phattana 7th Project, Khao Chalong Chai, 600 m, 14 Jul 2005, Poopath 324 (BKF); Than To, Ban Chulaphon Phatthana 7 area, 200 m, 31 Oct 2001, Pooma et al. 3192 (BKF); Than To, Ban Chulaphon Phatthana 7 area, Along Tomo River, 160 m, 20 May 2005, Middleton et al. 3498 (BKF, E); Than To, Ban Chulaphon Phatthana 7 area, Khao Hin Yok, 660 m, 11 Feb 2004, Middleton et al. 2967 (A, BKF); Than To, Mae Wad, Churaphorn Phattana 7 project nature trail, 200 m, 15 Jul 2004, Poopath 100 (BKF); ibidem, 250 m, 27 Oct 2005, Poopath 400 (BKF, E); ibidem, 180 m, 14 Jun 2004, Poopath 86 (BKF). Narathiwat: s.l, Winit s.n. (BKF); Ban Bala, S of Waeng, 200 m, 16 Aug 1995, Larsen et al. 45673 (K, SING); Sungei Kolok, Nikom Waeng, 2 Mar 1974, Larsen & Larsen KL 32846 (AAU, BKF, E); ibidem, 25 Sep 1966, Sangkhachand 428 (BK); Nikom Waeng, 25 Sep 1966, Prayad 428 (BK); Waeng, 20 Aug 1966, Sangkhachand & Nimanong 1246 (BKF, P); ibidem, 30 Jun 1972, Nitrasirirak 203 (BKF, E); Waeng, Bala-Hala Wildlife Sanctuary, 24 Jan 1998, Puudjaa 461 (BKF); ibidem, Lo Jud, 80 m, 23 Oct 2005, Poopath 382 (BKF, E); Sukhirin, Phu Khao Tong, To Mo Cheak Dam, 185 m, 6 Jun 2004, Poopath 38 (BKF, E); ibidem, 185 m, 6 Jun 2004, Poopath 39 (BKF); Sukhirin, Khao Ai Kapok, 20 Oct 1996, Niyomdham 4826 (BKF); Sukhirin, To Mo, Ban Kabibi, 150 m, 23 Apr 1931, Lakshnakara 771 (BM, K); Sungei Padi, Chatwarin Falls, 14 Mar 1986, Smitinand s.n. (BKF); ibidem, 200 m, 22 Apr 1995, Niyomdham 4054 (BKF); Sungei Padi, Chatwarin, 100 m, 8 Oct 1991, Larsen et al. 42217 (BKF, P).
🔵Codonoboea poopathii D.J.Middleton
ศุขิรินทร์ ฮาลา บาลา เขาอีแดง
Most similar to Codonoboea craspedodroma (Kiew) Kiew in the deeply sunken secondary veins which end in the sinus between the teeth of the leaf lamina margin but it differs in the shorter leaf laminas (3.5–8 cm vs 9–16 cm), smaller marginal teeth, and longer corolla (30–36 mm vs c. 12 mm). It differs from all other species in the ‘Pectinati group’ in Codonoboea in the generally smaller leaves and secondary veins ending in the sinuses between the teeth (the veins in the other species in the group fork before reaching the sinus or the leaf lamina is deeply divided and hence the lateral veins are very short). – TYPE: Narathiwat, Sukhirin, Hala-Bala WS, Khao Ai Dang, 600 m, 24 October 2005, Poopath 384 (holotype BKF [SN194025]
submarginally towards sinus of next tooth, occasionally forking before margin in sinuses towards base, with long hairs on midrib above and beneath, more sparsely so on secondary veins beneath, papillose all over beneath. Inflorescences several per plant, scapose, 1–3-flowered, 14–18 cm long; peduncles 7–14 cm long, with sessile glands, sparse short acicular hairs and occasional much longer hairs; bracts 4–5.5 × 1.7–2.5 mm, glabrous or with occasional long hair; pedicels 3–20 mm long, indumentum as on peduncle but more densely so; flowers nodding. Calyx lobes triangular, 2–3 × 0.6–1 mm, indumentum as on pedicels. Corolla bluish pink to lilac, with two pale yellow stripes ventrally in tube, 30–36 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside sparsely pubescent with gland-tipped hairs, inside with few robust gland-tipped hairs behind stamens; tube to sinus between upper and lower lips 18–24 mm long; upper lip 3.5–5 mm long, lobes 3.5–5 × 3–6 mm; lower lip 7.5–10.5 mm long, lateral lobes 2.4–5 × 3.4–6 mm, central lobe 3.2–6.5 × 2.8–5.5 mm. Stamens inserted at 6–13 mm from corolla base; filaments filiform, 7–17 mm long, glabrous; anthers 0.8–1.1 × c. 2 mm, glabrous; staminodes 0.3–2 mm long. Nectary annular, 0.7–1.2 mm long, margin crenate. Pistil 18–22 mm long; ovary c. 11 mm long, densely pubescent with minute eglandular hairs and occasional gland-tipped hairs towards apex; style 7–11 mm long, densely pubescent with gland-tipped hairs. Fruit not seen.
Distribution. This species has only been recorded from Khao Ai Dang in Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.
Habitat and ecology. In shade in moist evergreen forest on quartzite rock at 500–600 m.
Etymology. This new species is named after Mr Manop Poopath of the Bangkok Forest Herbarium who has collected many interesting Gesneriaceae in Thailand, including material of this new species.
Additional specimens examined. THAILAND: Narathiwat: Sukirin, Khao Ai Dang Noi, 12 Apr 1997, Niyomdham & Puudjaa 5004 (BKF); Bala-Hala [Hala-Bala], Khao Ai Daang [Khao Ai Dang], 500 m, 21 Aug 1998, Niyomdham & Puudjaa 5543 (BKF).
Notes. Codonoboea poopathii D.J.Middleton belongs in the ‘Pectinati group’ of species (Kiew, 1987; Lim & Kiew, 2014) in which the secondary veins are deeply sunken above and strongly raised beneath. Kiew (1987) notes that the venation pattern at the margin is characteristic for some species in this group. The pattern in Codonoboea poopathii is most similar to that in Codonoboea craspedodroma (Kiew) Kiew whereby the deeply sunken secondary veins reach directly to the sinus between the teeth of the margin in most cases (sometimes forking before margin in veins towards lamina base).
🔵 Codonoboea porphyrea (B. L. Burtt) D. J. Middleton
ม่วงเขาพ่อตาหลวงแก้ว
ชุมพร พังงา ระนอง สุราษฎร นครศรีธรรมราช
ม่วงเขาพ่อตาหลวงแก้วเป็นพรรณไม้ถิ่นเดียวของไทย (endemic) พบมีการกระจายพันธุ์ทางภาคใต้แถบระนองถึงนครศรีธรรมราช ตัวอย่างต้นแบบ Geesink, Hattink & Charoenphol 7417 เก็บจากเขาพ่อตาหลวงแก้ว จังหวัดระนอง เมื่อวันที่ 22 มิถุนายน 1974 ตัวอย่างที่เก่าที่สุดเก็บโดยหมอคาร์ (A. F. G. Kerr) ซึ่งท่านขึ้นเขาพ่อตาหลวงแก้วทางด้านคลองกำพวน เมื่อต้นเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ปี 1929
เอกสารอ้างอิง:
Burtt, B. L. 2001. Flora of Thailand: annotated checklist of Gesneriaceae. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 29: 81−109.
🔵Codonoboea reptans (Jack) C.L.Lim
เบตง ยะลา
🔵Codonoboea rugosa (Ridl.) C.
ม่วงลัดดา
ภาคใต้เกือบทุกจังหวัด
Decumbent or erect herb to 100 cm tall; stems densely long pubescent. Leaves alternate, crowded towards stem apex, more rarely spaced along stem; petiole 0.5–2.5 cm long, winged to base; laminas elliptic to obovate, often bullate above, (6.5–)9.5–35 × 2.8–8 cm, apex acuminate, base attenuate, margin serrate, more deeply so on petiole wing, 27–57 secondary veins on each side of midrib, tertiary venation scalariform directly linking the secondary veins, at least in lower half of leaf, sometimes barely anastomosing between secondary veins in upper half of leaf, midrib and veins flush with lamina or only very slightly raised or sunken above, above with sparse long hairs on midrib and on lamina, usually only 1 or 2 hairs per areole, rarely more, beneath with short acicular hairs on all venation plus longer uniseriate hairs on midrib and secondary veins. Inflorescences 1-flowered, 7–17 cm long, densely pubescent throughout with hairs eglandular or gland-tipped and of varying lengths; bracts linear, to 4.5 mm long; peduncle/pedicel 5–14 cm long. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 3–4.6 × 1.2–1.5 mm, apices acute, densely eglandular pubescent. Corolla white to pale blue or a combination of both, sometimes tinged pink, with two yellow lines in throat, 36–43 mm long, narrowly funnelform, all lobes orbicular, apices rounded, outside with sparse eglandular hairs throughout, inside with short-stalked glands at bases of lobes, denser and slightly larger at base of dorsal lobes, sparse hairs in line with sinuses of lower lip down into tube; tube 19–27 mm long; upper lip 7–9 mm long, lobes 6–7.5 × 8–9.5 mm; lower lip 11–16 mm long, lateral lobes 7–8.5 × 9–10 mm, central lobe 9–9.5 × 8.5–9.5 mm. Stamens inserted at 11–14 mm from corolla base; filaments stout, 7–14 mm long, glabrous, with two short spurs at connection to anthers; anthers 1.1–1.6 × 2.8–3.5 mm, glabrous; lateral staminodes 3.5–4 mm long, medial staminode c. 0.5 mm long. Nectary 0.8–2 mm long, margin crenate. Pistil 20–26 mm long, with dense short eglandular and/or longer gland-tipped hairs throughout; ovary 10–15 mm long; style 8–12 mm long. Fruit 3.5–6.7 cm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide
🔵Codonoboea urticoides (A.Weber) Kiew
เบตง ยะลา นราธิวาส
🔵Codonoboea crinita (Jack) C. L. Lim
ม่วงบาลา
Habitat: Tropical rain forest, to 500 m.
Distribution: Malay Pen, Pen Thailand: Yala, Narathiwat.
Status: – VU
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