Songkhla
Songkhla (Thai: สงขลา, pronounced [sǒŋ.kʰlǎː]), also known as Singgora or Singora(Pattani Malay: ซิงกอรอ, Singoro), is a city (thesaban nakhon) in Songkhla Province of southern Thailand, near the border with Malaysia. Songkhla lies 968 km (601 mi) south of Bangkok and as of 2020 had a population of 61,758 The name Songkhla means 'the city of lions' (not to be confused with Singapura) and is the Thai variant of "Singgora" (Malay and Jawi: سيڠڬورا). This refers to a lion-shaped mountain near the city of Songkhla. Archaeological excavations on the isthmus between Lake Songkhla and the sea reveal that in the 10th through the 14th century, this was a major urbanized area, and a center of international maritime trade, in particular with Quanzhou in China. The long Sanskrit name of the state that existed there has been lost; its short Sanskrit name was Singhapura ('Lion City') (not to be confused with Singapura), a city state. The short vernacular name was Satingpra, coming from the Mon-Khmersting/steng/stang (meaning 'river') and the Sanskrit pura ('city').
Despite being smaller than the neighboring city Hat Yai, Songkhla is the capital of Songkhla Province as well as the Mueang Songkhla District (Songkhla town district). Together with Hat Yai, Songkhla is part of the Greater Hat Yai-Songkhla Metropolitan Area (a conurbation with a population of around 800,000), the third largest metropolitan area in Thailand.
At the opening of Songkhla Lake to the Gulf of Thailand, Songkhla is a fishing town and also an important harbour. It is the major seaport on the east side of the Isthmus of Kra.
The province is on the Malay Peninsula, on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. The highest elevation is Khao Mai Kaeo at 821 meters.
In the north of the province is Songkhla Lake, the largest natural lake in Thailand. This shallow lake covers an area of 1,040 km2, and has a south–north extent of 78 kilometers. At its mouth on the Gulf of Thailand, near the city of Songkhla, the water becomes brackish] A small population of Irrawaddy dolphins live in the lake, but are in danger of extinction due to accidental capture by the nets of the local fishing industry.
Songkhla province hosts three national parks. San Kala Khiri covers of mountain highlands on the Thai-Malay border. Khao Nam Khang is also in the boundary mountains. Namtok Sai Khao on the Pattani-Songkhla border.
The total forest area is 866 km2 (334 sq mi) or 11.2 percent of provincial area.
Chinese Communist guerrillas inhabited this region until the 1980s
National parks
Two of the three national parks in region 6 (Songkhla) and Namtok Sai Khao in region 6 (Pattani branch) are the protected areas of Songkhla province.
| Khao Nam Khang National Park | 212 km2 (82 sq mi) | (13,744) |
| San Kala Khiri National Park | 143 km2 (55 sq mi) | (5,472) |
| Namtok Sai Khao National Park | 70 km2 (27 sq mi) | (120,699) |
Wildlife sanctuaries
The two wildlife sanctuaries in region 6 (Songkhla) are the protected areas of Songkhla province.
| Khao Banthat Wildlife Sanctuary | 1,267 km2 (489 sq mi) |
| Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary | 182 km2 (70 sq mi) |
Non-hunting areas
There are a total of seven non-hunting areas in region 6 (Songkhla), of which four are in Songkhla province.
| Khao Pa Chang-Laem Kham | 235 km2 (91 sq mi) |
| Khao Reng | 109 km2 (42 sq mi) |
| Pa Krat | 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi) |
| Phru Khang Khao | 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) |
- Paraboea minor (known locally as Buriphat Noi / บริพัตรน้อย): A vulnerable small flowering herb found on quartzite and limestone rock formations around the Boriphat Waterfall (Namtok Boriphat) and Ton Nga Chang.
- Paraboea uniflora: เอกรัตน์ An endemic localized tropical rainforest herb recorded in the Sadao district เขาวงพระจันทร์ of Songkhla. Kao Roop Chang, Padang Besa
- Paraboea gracillima Kiew บุหงารายา Rattabhume District, Ban
Khamphaengphen.บ้านกำแพงเพชร
- Epithema saxatile (and Epithema species): Small, succulent-like herbs discovered in moist, shaded crevices of limestone outcroppings and lowlands in districts like Sadao (such as Khao Wong Phra Chan).
- Didymocarpus ovatus (Local Thai name: Tian Hin / เทียนหิน น้ำตกโตนงาช้าง
- Didymocarpus corchorifolius (Local Thai name: Kra Ding Dok Khao / กระดิ่งดอกขาว)
- Ornithoboea flexuosa (Ridl.) B. L. Burtt กระบองทศคีรีธร
ก. Aristolochia sp.; ข. ผักโหมลาย (Dicliptera chinensis); ค. เถาวัลย์ด้วน (Dischidia bengalensis); ง. เทียนสว่าง (Impatiens putii); จ. หญ้าดอกขน (Ipomoea triloba); ฉ. หูหมี (Epithema saxatile); ช. Microchirita sp.; ซ. บริพัตรน้อย (Paraboea minor); ฌ. พรหมตีนสูง (Aglaonema simplex); ฐ. วานพังพอน (Tacca chantrieri); ฑ. ปุดขน (Alpinia rafflesiana); ฒ. กระทือ (Zingiber zerumbet)
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Provincial government
Songkhla is divided into 16 districts (amphoe), which are further subdivided into 127 subdistricts (tambon) and 987 villages (muban). The districts of Chana (Malay: Chenok), Thepha (Malay: Tiba) were detached from Mueang Pattani and transferred to Songkhla during the Thesaphiban reforms around 1900.[citation needed]
| Number | Name | Thai | Malay | Jawi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mueang Songkhla | เมืองสงขลา | Bandaraya Singgora | بنداراي سيڠڬورا |
| 2 | Sathing Phra | สทิงพระ | Candi Barat | چندي بارت |
| 3 | Chana | จะนะ | Cenok | چنوق |
| 4 | Na Thawi | นาทวี | Nawi | ناوي |
| 5 | Thepha | เทพา | Tiba | تيبا |
| 6 | Saba Yoi | สะบ้าย้อย | Sebayu | سبايو |
| 7 | Ranot | ระโนด | Renut | رنوت |
| 8 | Krasae Sin | กระแสสินธุ์ | Kota Ayer | كوتا ا ٔير |
| 9 | Rattaphum | รัตภูมิ | Tanah Merah | تانه ميره |
| 10 | Sadao | สะเดา | Sendawa | سنداوا |
| 11 | Hat Yai | หาดใหญ่ | Pantai Besar | ڤنتاي بسر |
| 12 | Na Mom | นาหม่อม | Dataran Cengal Pasir Agung | داتارن چڠل ڤاسير اڬوڠ |
| 13 | Khuan Niang | ควนเนียง | Kuning | كونيڠ |
| 14 | Bang Klam | บางกล่ำ | Kampung Pulau Bulat | كمڤوڠ ڤولاو بولت |
| 15 | Singhanakhon | สิงหนคร | Singapura | سيڠاڤورا |
| 16 | Khlong Hoi Khong | คลองหอยโข่ง | Terusan Siput Gondang | تروسن سيڤوت ڬوندڠ |
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